铁离子还原法(FRAP)测定中国被毛孢菌丝体提取物抗氧化活性

FRAP法测定了6批人工培养中国被毛孢(Hirsutella sinensis)菌丝体热水和乙醇提取物的抗氧化活性.结果表明:1 mg/mL人工培养中国被毛孢丝体水提物和乙醇提取物的平均抗氧化活性分别相当于(327.5±42.1)μmol/mL Fe2+和(107.1±13.5)μmol/mL Fe2+;方法学研究显示重现性为3.8%;精密度为3.1%;可靠性相关系数R2为1.0000;回收率分别为(105.4±5.8)%(水提物)和(104.2±8.8)%(醇提物);该方法在30 min内结果的变异系数为3.0%.这些结果表明:中国被毛孢菌丝体热水和乙醇提取物均具有一定的抗氧化活性,用FRAP法测定具有良好的重现性、精密度、可靠性、回收率和稳定性.     

中华卵索线虫生殖系统发育过程中形态和主要化学物质含量的变化

采用石蜡切片的方法,观察中华卵索线虫寄生期幼线虫、寄生后期幼线虫、成虫期（蜕皮后和交配后）成虫3个时期生殖系统发育的形态特征,并测定其主要化学物质含量的变化．寄生期幼线虫体内滋养物体发育明显,而生殖系统发育不明显;寄生后期幼线虫进行最后一次蜕皮变为成虫、雌雄成虫交配并产卵,在这一过程中线虫的主要生理活动是将滋养物体中贮存的营养用于生殖系统及卵的发育,因此生殖系统发育明显,而滋养物体逐渐被消耗．生殖系统发育不同时期,雌雄虫糖以及脂肪酸的相对含量均显示出显著差异;含水量和含糖量在寄生后期略有下降后明显上升,而蛋白质和脂肪酸相对含量变化不明显．     

红鳍东方鲀中华拟德氏吸虫病的组织病理学观察

通过对感染了中华拟德氏吸虫的红鳍东方鲀的解剖取样,显微镜观察,用组织连续切片法对被感染的病鱼内脏器官组织进行病理学观察．发现该虫在养殖的红鳍东方纯循环系统中寄生,明确了虫体、虫卵在体内各器官组织中的分布情况以及主要器官组织的病变情况．探讨了该病的病理变化和虫体、虫卵在体内的发育过程以及该虫的传染途径．     

Mg-LDH Nanoclays Intercalated Fennel and Green Tea Active Ingredient: Field and Laboratory Evaluation of Insecticidal Activities against Culex pipiens and Their Non-Target Organisms

(1) Background: Mosquito control with essential oils is a growing demand. This work evaluated the novel larvicidal and adulticidal activity of fennel and green tea oils and their Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) nanohybrid against Culex pipiens (Cx. pipiens) in both laboratory and field conditions and evaluated their effect against non-target organisms; (2) Methods: Two types of nanoclays, MgAl-LDH and NiAl-LDH were synthesized and characterized using PXRD, TEM and SEM, whereas their elemental analysis was accomplished by SEM-EDX; (3) Results: Mg and Ni LDHs were synthesized by the co-precipitation method. The adsorption and desorption of active ingredients were conducted using LC MS/MS, with reference to the SEM-EXD analysis. The desorption process of MgAl-LDH intercalated green tea oil was conducted using ethanol, and reveled significant peaks related to polyphenols and flavonoids like Vanillin, Catechin, Daidzein, Ellagic acid, Naringenin, Myricetin and Syringic acid with concentrations of 0.76, 0.73, 0.67, 0.59, 0.52, 0.44 and 0.42 μg/g, respectively. The larvicidal LC₅₀ values of fennel oil, Mg-LDH-F, and Ni-LDH-F were 843.88, 451.95, 550.12 ppm, respectively, whereas the corresponding values of green tea were 938.93, 530.46, and 769.94 ppm. The larval reduction percentage of fennel oil and Mg-LDH-F reached 90.1 and 96.2%, 24 h PT and their persistence reached five and seven days PT, respectively. The reduction percentage of green tea oil and Mg-LDH-GT reached 88.00 and 92.01%, 24 h PT and their persistence reached five and six days PT, respectively. Against adults, Mg-LDH-GT and Ni-LDH-GT were less effective than green tea oil as their LC₉₅ values were 5.45, 25.90, and 35.39%, respectively. The reduction in adult density PT with fennel oil, Mg-LDH-F, green tea oil, and Mg-LDH-GT reached 83.1, 100, 77.0, and 99.0%, respectively, 24 h PT and were effective for three days. Mg-LDH-GT and Mg-LDH-F increased the predation Cybister tripunctatus (71% and 69%), respectively; (4) Conclusions: For the first time, Mg-LDH-GT and Mg-LDH-F was the best system loaded with relatively good desorption release to its active ingredients and significantly affected Cx. pipiens larvae and adults in both laboratory and field circumstances, and it could be included in mosquito control.     

高效液相色谱法测定地顶孢霉培养物中的腺苷

建立测定虫草源饲料添加剂地顶孢霉培养物中腺苷含量的高效液相色谱方法。样品经过研碎、超声处理,离心、过滤后上机测定。腺苷的最佳提取条件:以超纯水为浸提液,用超声波浸提,浸提温度为40℃,浸提时间为55 min。使用Waters Spherisorb ODS2柱(150 mm×3.9 mm,5μm),以甲醇-0.01 mol/L磷酸二氢钾混合液(10∶90)为流动相,流量为1.0 mL/min,进样体积为20μL,检测波长为254 nm。腺苷的质量浓度在0.5~100μg/mL范围内与色谱峰面积成良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.9990。样品测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.65%(n=6),3水平加标的平均回收率为98.19%。该方法简便、快捷,可准确测定虫草饲料添加剂地顶孢霉培养物中腺苷的含量。     

Changes in Physicochemical,Free Radical Activity,Total Phenolic and Sensory Properties of Orange (Citrus sinensis L.) Juice Fortified with Different Oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) Extracts

In Iran and other parts of Western Asia, the oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) fruit is processed in the dried powdery form, and in recent times, increasingly applied/sprinkled in fruit juices such as those made from oranges (Citrus sinensis L.). To our best knowledge, the effectiveness of oleaster fruit extract in fortifying the orange juice has not yet been reported and the knowledge of this will greatly benefit the consumers, particularly those around the Western Asia region. This current work, therefore, investigated the changes in physicochemical, free radical activity, total phenolic compounds, and sensory properties of orange juice fortified with different oleaster fruit extracts. The orange juice mix formulation comprised different concentrations (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%) of oleaster (alcoholic, aqueous, and hydro-alcoholic) extracts. The control comprised orange concentrate (4% w/v), sugar (8.5% w/v), and citric acid (0.1% w/v) brought to the desirable volume with water. As the free radical activity depicted the antioxidant properties, the physicochemical aspects of this work involved the determinations of Brix, density, ash, pH, total acidity, sucrose, and total sugar, whereas the sensory aspects involved the determinations of color and taste. Whilst the aqueous oleaster 20 and 25% extracts produced notable physicochemical differences in the orange juice mix, both free radical activity, and phenolic compounds significantly increased (p < 0.05) after 30 days despite resembling (p > 0.05) those of control at day 1. More so, the increases in aqueous, alcoholic, and hydro-alcoholic oleaster extracts would decrease (p < 0.05) the sensory color and taste of the orange juice mix in this study.     

Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC) for Biologically Active Green Tea and Fennel Natural Oils Delivery: Larvicidal and Adulticidal Activities against Culex pipiens

(1) Background: The control of mosquitoes with essential oils is a growing demand. (2) Methods: This study evaluated the novel larvicidal and adulticidal activity of fennel and green tea oils and their nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) against Culex pipiens (C. pipiens) in the laboratory, field conditions and evaluated their effect against non-target organisms. SLN type II nanoformulations were synthesized and characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential and transmission electron microscope. (3) Results: The synthesized NLCs showed spherical shaped, homogenous, narrow, and monomodal particle size distribution. The mortality percent (MO%) post-treatment (PT) with 2000 ppm for 24 h with fennel oil and NLC fennel (NLC-F) reached 85% (LC₅₀ = 643.81 ppm) and 100% (LC₅₀ = 251.71), whereas MO% for green tea oil and NLC green tea (NLC-GT) were 80% (LC₅₀ = 746.52 ppm) and 100% (LC₅₀ = 278.63 ppm), respectively. Field trial data showed that the larval reduction percent of fennel oil and NLC-F reached 89.8% and 97.4%, 24 h PT and the reduction percent of green tea oil and NLC-GT reached 89% and 93%, 24 h PT with persistence reached 8 and 7 days, for NLC-F and NLC-GT, respectively. The adulticidal effects showed that NLC-F and NLC-GT (100% mortality) were more effective than fennel and green tea oils (90.0% and 83.33%), with 24 h PT, respectively. Moreover, their reduction of adult density after spraying with LC₉₅ X2 for 15 min, with fennel oil, NLC-F, and green tea oil, NLC-GT were 83.6%, 100%, 79.1%, and 100%, respectively, with persistence (>50%) lasting for three days. The predation rate of the mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, and the bug, Sphaerodema urinator, was not affected in both oil and its NLC, while the predation rate of the beetle, Cybister tripunctatus increased (66% and 68.3%) by green tea oil and NLC-GT, respectively. (4) Conclusions: NLCs nanoformulation encapsulated essential oils was prepared successfully with unique properties of size, morphology, and stability. In vitro larvicidal and adulticidal effects against C. pipiens supported with field evaluations have been performed using essential oils and their nanoformulations. The biological evaluation of nanoformulations manifested potential results toward both larvicidal and adulticidal compared to the essential oils themselves, especially NLC encapsulated fennel oil which had promising larvicidal and adulticidal activity.     

几种产具纤毛分生孢子的腔孢菌（Coelomycetes）

本文报道了河北省产具纤毛分生孢子的腔孢菌(Coelomycetes)5个种,它们隶属于多毛孢属(Polynema Lev.),射毛孢属Stauronema(Sacc.)H. & P. Syd. & Butler),刺杯毛孢属(Dinemasporium Lev.)和双毛壳孢属(Discosia Lib.)等4属。其中多毛孢属和射毛孢属系国内首次报道,并分别记载一新种,中国多毛孢(P. sinensis W. P. Wu)和一新记录种,甘蔗射毛孢(S.sacchari H. & P. Syd. & Butler)。在刺杯毛孢属和双毛壳孢属下分别描述了2和1种。它们分别是新记录种刚毛刺杯毛孢(Dinemasporium strigosum(Pers. ex Fr.)sacc.),确认种槭刺杯毛孢(Dinemasporium acerimum Pk.)和河北省新记录种双毛壳孢(Discosia artocereas(Tode ex Fr.)Fr.).对这些种进行了详细描述。     

中华乌塘鳢消化道内分泌细胞的鉴别与定位

应用链霉菌抗生物素蛋白-过氧化物酶免疫细胞化学方法,对中华乌塘鳢消化道中的Som、5-HT、PP、VIP、SP和CT等内分泌细胞进行鉴别和定位.结果表明:Som细胞在贲门胃、中肠分布较多,食道与幽门胃较少.5-HT细胞在食道较为丰富,胃中次之,前肠较少.PP细胞仅分布于肠道,后肠居多,前肠、中肠较少.VIP细胞分布于食道及贲门胃,食道处较少.SP细胞在后肠较为丰富,前肠分布较少.CT细胞集中在胃部,前肠偶见,其余部位未发现.不同种类内分泌细胞的数量分布和形态特征存在一定的差异,本文对其可能的内分泌方式和功能进行了讨论.