驾驶员疲劳态下脑氧饱和度的近红外光谱法检测及其分析

应用近红外光谱法,研究分析汽车驾驶员疲劳态下的脑氧饱和度,探讨疲劳机理,为驾驶疲劳及时预警提供新的监测思路。参试人员20名,分为两组(各10名),一组为实验组,一组为对照组。实验组执行汽车模拟驾驶作业3 h,对照组坐姿下正常休息3 h。应用近红外光谱法监测试验人员作业前后脑氧饱和度。经方差分析发现,实验组人员模拟驾驶后脑氧饱和度(rSO₂)显著性下降(p<0.01),反应时间明显延长;对照组rSO₂水平下降不显著(p>0.05)。脑氧饱和度水平(rSO₂)与驾驶疲劳存在密切相关性。近红外光谱法监测脑氧具有连续、实时、无创的特点,受外界干扰小。近红外光谱法监测驾驶员脑氧信息是预测驾驶疲劳的一种可行的方法。     

中央上核向大脑皮质的纤维投射——HRP逆行标记法研究

本文用辣根过氧化物的酶(HRP)逆行标记法对中央上核(CS)向大脑皮质的纤维投射进行了研究。观察结果表明;CS向大脑皮质投射的范围很广泛,除压上回和视区以外的大部分大脑皮质都接受CS的投射纤维,但从整体上看前半皮质多于后半皮质。在各脑区的注射例中,海马的标记细胞最多,其次是隔区,前乙状回,后乙状回和扣带回。标记细胞为中等大小的卵圆形细胞,位于核的中央部。     

脑栓塞患者血清中微量元素的AAS测定及人工神经网络分析

应用火焰原子吸收法和石墨炉原子吸收法测定了脑栓塞塞患者和对照组血清中Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｆｅ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｃｒ、Ｍｎ和Ｓｒ等的含量。     

脑血管痉挛动物模型的制作

目的探讨改良枕大池二次注血法致脑血管痉挛兔动物模型的制作。方法将30只新西兰大白兔随机分为注血组(15只)和假手术组(15只),通过切开暴露寰枕关节间硬脊膜,改良枕大池二次注血法,注血组穿刺枕大池注自体动脉血2 mL,假手术组则注等量生理盐水。术后5 d取基底动脉标本形态学观察(常规HE染色,透视电镜观察)。结果改良枕大池二次注血法穿刺成功率高,不易损伤脑干,动物术中存活率高,且典型脑血管痉挛模型成功建立。结论应用改良枕大池二次注血法可成功建立稳定、可靠的兔蛛网膜下腔出血后致脑血管痉挛动物模型,且节约资源,降低成本。     

128例脑性瘫痪血钙、锌、铁、铜、镁元素分析

为探讨小儿脑性瘫痪(CP)体内微量元素的变化,测定了128例脑性瘫痪患者血钙、锌、铁、铜、镁含量,随机选择128例正常儿童进行对照分析。结果表明,两组病例血锌、铜、镁均在正常范围,脑瘫组血钙56例、铁45例低于正常参考值,健康组血钙16例、铁11例低于正常参考值。经统计学处理,两组病例中血钙、铁、铜、镁含量具有显著性差异(P<0.05),血锌无显著性差异(P>0.05)。提示脑瘫儿童血钙、铁、铜、镁含量均低于正常儿童,补充钙、铁、镁等可能有利于脑瘫康复。     

In vivo measurement of tissue damage, oxygen saturation changes and blood flow changes after experimental traumatic brain injury in rats using susceptibility weighted imaging

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a prevalent disease, and many TBI patients experience disturbed cerebral blood flow (CBF) after injury. Moreover, TBI is difficult to quantify with conventional imaging modalities. In this paper, we utilized susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) as a means to monitor functional blood oxygenation changes and to quantify CBF changes in animals after trauma. In this study using six rats, brain trauma was induced by a weight drop model and the brain was scanned over four time points: pre trauma, and 4 h, 24 h and 48 h post trauma. Five rats survived and one died after trauma. A blood phase analysis using filtered SWI phase images suggested that three rats recovered after 48 h and two rats deteriorated. SWI also suggested that CBF decreased by up to 26%. The CBF change is in agreement with the results of arterial spin labeling methods conducted in this study and with previously published results. Furthermore, SWI revealed an enlargement of the major venous vasculature in deep brain structures, in accordance with the location of diffuse axonal injury. Compared with the traditional, invasive, clinical monitoring of cerebral vascular damage and reduction in blood flow, this method offers a novel, safe and noninvasive approach to quantify changes in oxygen saturation and CBF and to visualize structural changes in blood vasculature after TBI.     

Abnormalities of cerebral blood flow in multiple sclerosis: A pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling MRI study

Arterial spin labeling (ASL) is a noninvasive technique that can measure cerebral blood flow (CBF). To our knowledge, there is no study that examined regional CBF of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients by using this technique. The present study assessed the relationship between clinical presentations and functional imaging data in MS using pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (pCASL). Twenty-seven patients with MS and 24 healthy volunteers underwent magnetic resonance imaging and pCASL to assess CBF. Differences in CBF between the two groups and the relationships of CBF values with the T2-hyperintense volume were evaluated. Compared to the healthy volunteers, reduced CBF was found in the bilateral thalami and right frontal region of the MS patients. The volume of the T2-hyperintense lesion was negatively correlated with regional CBF in some areas, such as both thalami. Our results suggest that demyelinated lesions in MS mainly have a remote effect on the thalamus and that the measurement of CBF using ASL could be an objective marker for monitoring disease activity in MS.     

Effect of high dose isoflurane on cerebral blood flow in macaque monkeys

The effect of high dose isoflurane on cerebral blood flow (CBF) was investigated in adult macaque monkeys receiving 1% to 2% isoflurane with the pseudo continuous arterial-spin-labeling (pCASL) MRI technique. High concentration (2%) of isoflurane resulted in significant increase in the mean CBF of the global, cortical, subcortical regions and the regional CBF in all subcortical structures and most cortical structures (such as motor cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, but not media prefrontal cortex). In addition, the changes of regional CBF in the affected regions correlated linearly with increasing isoflurane concentrations. The study demonstrates region-specific CBF abnormal increase in adult macaque monkeys under high dose (2%) isoflurane and suggests that the brain functionality in the corresponding structures may be affected and need to be taken consideration in either human or non-human primate neuroimaging studies.     

Intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) imaging at different magnetic field strengths: What is feasible?

Background

Due to limited SNR the cerebral applications of the intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) concept have been sparse. MRI hardware developments have resulted in improved SNR and this may justify a reassessment of IVIM imaging for non-invasive quantification of the cerebral blood volume (CBV) as a first step toward determining the optimal field strength.

Purpose

To investigate intravoxel incoherent motion imaging for its potential to assess cerebral blood volume (CBV) at three different MRI field strengths.

Materials and methods

Four volunteers were scanned twice at 1.5 T, 3 T as well as 7 T. By correcting for field-strength-dependent effects of relaxation, estimates of corrected CBV (cCBV) were obtained in deep gray matter (DGM), frontal gray matter (FGM) and frontal white matter (FWM), using Bayesian analysis. In addition, simulations were performed to facilitate the interpretation of experimental data.

Results

In DGM, FGM and FWM we obtained cCBV estimates of 2.2 ml/100 ml, 2.7 ml/100 ml, 1.4 ml/100 ml at 1.5 T; 3.7 ml/100 ml, 5.0 ml/100 ml, 3.2 ml/100 ml at 3 T and 15.5 ml/100 ml, 20.3 ml/100 ml, 7.0 ml/100 ml at 7 T.

Conclusion

Quantitative cCBV values obtained at 1.5 T and 3 T corresponded better to physiological reference values, while 7 T showed the largest deviation from expected values. Simulations of synthetic tissue voxels indicated that the discrepancy at 7 T can partly be explained by SNR issues. Results were generally more repeatable at 7 T (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC = 0.84) than at 1.5 T (ICC = 0.68) and 3 T (ICC = 0.46).     

A metabonomic approach applied to predict patients with cerebral infarction

Cerebral infarction is always of sudden onset, and usually leading to serious consequence. It is of therapeutic significance to develop fast and accurate diagnosis methods for cerebral infarction so that patients can be treated timely and properly. A metabonomic approach was then proposed to investigate the potential biomarkers and metabolic pathways associated with cerebral infarction and also establish a prediction model of cerebral infarction for the fast diagnosis. Serum metabolic profiling of sixty-seven cerebral infarction patients and sixty-two controls was obtained using UPLC-TOF MS. The resulting data were then processed by multivariate statistical analysis to graphically demonstrate metabolic variations. The PLS-DA model was validated with cross validation and permutation tests to assure the model's reliability, and significant difference was obtained between the original and hypothetical models (p < 0.0001). A series of endogenous metabolites in the one-carbon cycle, such as folic acid, cysteine, S-adenosyl homocysteine and oxidized glutathione, were determined as potential biomarkers of cerebral infarction. A prediction model developed using PLS-KNN algorithm was established to differentiate cerebral infarction patients from controls, and an average accuracy of 100% was obtained. In conclusion, metabonomic approach is a powerful tool to investigate the pathogenesis of stroke and is expected to be developed as a useful method for the fast diagnosis.