Correlative studies in optical reflectance measurements of cerebral blood oxygenation

A numerical study is made of correlation development for measuring cerebral blood oxygen saturation (StO) noninvasively using optical reflectance ratio of dual wavelengths. The Monte Carlo (MC) method was used for simulating reflectance measurements in a model neck tissue, where the cerebral blood oxygenation was monitored through the blood flows in the common carotid artery (CCA) and jugular vein. Reflectance ratios between two wavelengths at 633 and 800 nm were obtained under different blood vessel conditions. The results revealed a quantifiable correlation between the reflectance ratio and the cerebral StO level. Correlations for each of the blood vessel parameters such as the location, size, and hemoglobin concentration of the CCA or jugular vein (JV) were developed.     

脑卒中运动性失语的护理

目的：探讨脑卒中运动性失语护理作用，方法：对15例失语患者采取心理疏导、语言训练，结果：语言完全恢复5人，不完全性失语6人，完全性失语4人，但能用手势等与对方沟通，结论：护理干预后失语患者生活质量明显改善。     

2-APB对自发性高血压大鼠脑微动脉平滑肌细胞缝隙连接的影响

为探讨正常血压Wistar大鼠(Wistar rat,WR)和自发性高血压大鼠(Spontaneously Hypertensive rat,SHR)脑微动脉段平滑肌细胞电生理学及偶联力的异同,并观察2-氨基乙基二苯硼酸酯(2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate,2-APB)对脑微动脉平滑肌细胞间缝隙连接的影响。应用全细胞膜片钳技术方法,观察2-APB对WR和SHR脑微动脉段上平滑肌细胞膜电容(Cinput)、膜电导(Ginput)和膜电阻(Rinput)的影响。结果显示,(1)SHR收缩压明显高于正常WR,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。(2)SHR脑微动脉段上平滑肌细胞的Cinput和Ginput高于WR,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。(3)2-APB可以浓度依赖性的降低脑微动脉段上平滑肌细胞的Cinput和Ginput(或者增加Rinput)。(4)2-APB抑制WR和SHR脑微动脉段上平滑肌细胞Ginput的IC50分别为0.21μmol/L和0.83μmol/L,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。(5)2-APB浓度≥100μmol/L时,WR和SHR脑微动脉段上平滑肌细胞的Cinput、Ginput或Rinput与单个平滑肌细胞十分接近。由此可知,SHR较WR脑微动脉平滑肌细胞间缝隙连接耦联力增强,2-APB可以浓度依赖地抑制WR和SHR脑微动脉平滑肌细胞间缝隙连接,且对SHR的抑制效力较强。     

A Fluorescent Probe for Investigating the Role of Biothiols in Signaling Pathways Associated with Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) is intimately associated with the redox regulation of biothiol, a crucial antioxidant marker that precludes the onset of ROS. We designed a novel fluorescent probe, DCI-Ac-Py , showing various physicochemical properties, such as high selectivity, exceptional signal-to-noise ratio, near-infrared (NIR) optical window, and blood–brain barrier (BBB) penetrability, for detecting biothiols in the brain. The picolinate serves as a specific recognition group that is rapidly activated by biothiol and undergoes nucleophilic substitution with the adjacent acrylic ester to yield the desired NIR probe. Additionally, the probe's lipid solubility is improved through the inclusion of halogen atoms, which aids in penetrating the BBB. Using DCI-Ac-Py , we investigated changes of biothiols in vivo in the brains of mice during CIRI. We found that biothiol-mediated NF-kB classical (P65-related) and nonclassical (RelB-related) pathways contribute to abundant ROS production induced by CIRI and that biothiols are involved in redox regulation. These findings provide new insights into the study of CIRI and shed light on the physiological and pathological mechanisms of biothiols in the brain.     

急性脑梗死患者hsCRP、CD62p与颈动脉斑块关系的研究

目的探讨急性脑性梗死患者血清超敏C反应蛋白（hsCRP）、P-选择素（CD62p）水平及颈动脉斑块的特点。方法将发病3天内急性脑梗死患者112例、正常体检老年人80例,采用全自动生化分析仪测定患者血清中hsCRP水平,流式细胞仪测量CD62p并应用颈动脉超声对斑块特点进行分析。结果急性脑梗死组与对照组比较颈动脉斑块检出率和易损斑块比例增加,且血清中hsCRP水平和CD62p百分率增加;在急性脑梗死组和对照组中易损斑块病例比非易损斑块病例、无斑块病例血清中hsCRP水平和CD62p百分率增加。结论血清中hsCRP、CD62p水平与颈动脉斑块及脑梗死的发生率呈正相关。     

微创手术治疗高血压引发脑出血99例临床观察

目的 探讨微创颅内血肿清除术治疗高血压脑出血的临床效果.方法 对2006年患高血压脑出血、出血量在30 mL以上的45例患者,行微创颅内血肿清除术与内科保守治疗的54例患者分两组对比治疗效果.结果 两组治疗统计结果 有显著差异.结论 微创颅内血肿清除术技术操作简单,损伤轻,能最大限度地解除患者病变的恶性循环,保留患者的生理功能,显著降低患者死亡率和致残率,提高生存质量,是目前临床治疗脑出血比较理想的方法 .     

蒙医药治疗脑梗塞的研究进展

传统蒙医对脑梗塞病因病机及临证诊治有其独特的认识．笔者就蒙医对脑梗塞的认识、辨证施治、蒙西医结合治疗及实验研究等方面进行论述,为临床治疗及进一步研究提供参考．     

Step-down infusions of Gd-DTPA yield greater contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance images of BBB damage in acute stroke than bolus injections

A rat model of transient suture occlusion of one middle cerebral artery (MCA) was used to create a unilateral reperfused cerebral ischemic infarct with blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening. Opening of the BBB was visualized and quantitated by magnetic resonance (MR) contrast enhancement with a Look-Locker T(1)-weighted sequence either following an intravenous bolus injection (n=7) or during a step-down infusion (n=7) of gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA). Blood levels of Gd-DTPA after either input were monitored via changes in sagittal sinus relaxation rate. Blood-to-brain influx constants (K(i)) were calculated by Patlak plots. On the basis of the MRI parameters and lesion size, the ischemic injury was determined to be similar in the two groups. The bolus injection input produced a sharp rise in blood levels of Gd-DTPA that declined quickly, whereas the step-down infusion led to a sharp rise that was maintained relatively constant for the period of imaging. Visual contrast enhancement and signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios were better with the step-down method (S/N=1.8) than with bolus injection (S/N=1.3). The K(i) values were not significantly different between the two groups (P>.05) and were around 0.005 ml/(g min). The major reason for the better imaging of BBB opening by the step-down infusion was the higher amounts of Gd-DTPA in plasma and tissue during most of the experimental period. These results suggest that step-down MR contrast agent (MRCA) administration schedule may be more advantageous for detection and delineation of acute BBB injury than the usually used bolus injections.     

Percept-related activity in the human somatosensory system: functional magnetic resonance imaging studies

In this paper, we review blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies addressing the neural correlates of touch, thermosensation, pain and the mechanisms of their cognitive modulation in healthy human subjects. There is evidence that fMRI signal changes can be elicited in the parietal cortex by stimulation of single mechanoceptive afferent fibers at suprathreshold intensities for conscious perception. Positive linear relationships between the amplitude or the spatial extents of BOLD fMRI signal changes, stimulus intensity and the perceived touch or pain intensity have been described in different brain areas. Some recent fMRI studies addressed the role of cortical areas in somatosensory perception by comparing the time course of cortical activity evoked by different kinds of stimuli with the temporal features of touch, heat or pain perception. Moreover, parametric single-trial functional MRI designs have been adopted in order to disentangle subprocesses within the nociceptive system.

Available evidence suggest that studies that combine fMRI with psychophysical methods may provide a valuable approach for understanding complex perceptual mechanisms and top-down modulation of the somatosensory system by cognitive factors specifically related to selective attention and to anticipation. The brain networks underlying somatosensory perception are complex and highly distributed. A deeper understanding of perceptual-related brain mechanisms therefore requires new approaches suited to investigate the spatial and temporal dynamics of activation in different brain regions and their functional interaction.     

Semiautomated detection of cerebral microbleeds in magnetic resonance images

Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are increasingly being recognized as an important biomarker for neurovascular diseases. So far, all attempts to count and quantify them have relied on manual methods that are time-consuming and can be inconsistent. A technique is presented that semiautomatically identifies CMBs in susceptibility weighted images (SWI). This will both reduce the processing time and increase the consistency over manual methods. This technique relies on a statistical thresholding algorithm to identify hypointensities within the image. A support vector machine (SVM) supervised learning classifier is then used to separate true CMB from other marked hypointensities. The classifier relies on identifying features such as shape and signal intensity to identify true CMBs. The results from the automated section are then subject to manual review to remove false-positives. This technique is able to achieve a sensitivity of 81.7% compared with the gold standard of manual review and consensus by multiple reviewers. In subjects with many CMBs, this presents a faster alternative to current manual techniques at the cost of some lost sensitivity.