Monolayers of mono- and bipolar palmitic acid derivatives

Monopolar and bipolar derivatives of hexadecanoic acid (HA), 16-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid (HHA), methyl hexadecanoate (MH) and methyl 16-hydroxyhexadecanoate (MHH) have been investigated on pure water and NaCl solutions with different ion concentrations (1, 2 and 3 mol l⁻¹). Surface pressure area isotherms show that HA forms a fully condensed monolayer on pure water at 20 °C [E. Teer, C.M. Knobler, S. Siegel, D. Vollhardt, G. Brezesinski, J. Phys. Chem., B104, 43, 2000, pp. 10053–10058] whereas in the case of the corresponding bipolar HHA the hydroxy group as a second polar moiety leads to a destabilization of the monolayer. The presence of two relatively strong hydrophilic polar groups at opposite ends of the chain prevents the formation of condensed films. The esterification of the carboxyl group (MH) changes the phase sequence from L₂–Ov–LS for HA to L₂–LS. Inserting a hydroxy group at the end of the chain (MHH) shifts the liquid expanded/liquid condensed (LE/LC) phase transition to higher surface pressures but does not change the phase sequence, however it increases the chain tilt. The pressure of the first-order phase transition LE/LC is strongly temperature dependent for MH, while the transition pressure of MHH is almost temperature independent. The phase behavior of MHH and MH on pure water was further studied by surface potential, Brewster angle microscopy (BAM), fluorescence microscopy and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) measurements. The LC domains of MHH on pure water are so small that no inner texture can be observed by BAM in contrast to the LC domains of MH. 3M NaCl in the subphase does not change the MH textures, while it increases the size of the LC domains of MHH. The influence of the hydroxy group on the monolayer behavior is discussed in terms of the formation of hydrogen bonds. The presence of NaCl in the subphase expands the monolayers. The results obtained are explained by changes in monolayer–monolayer and monolayer–subphase interactions.     

NEW CRITERIA OF EXPONENTIAL STABILITY FOR BAM NEURAL NETWORKS WITH DELAYS

In this Letter,a novel Lyapunov functional is constructed to investigate the exponential stability of the BAM neural networks.New sufficient conditions of the uniqueness and global exponential stability for the equilibrium of BAM neural networks with delays are obtained.The results improve those existing ones.     

牛肾上腺髓质8-22肽在福尔马林持续性痛中对吗啡耐受的调制

观察椎管内注射感觉神经元特异性受体选择性激动剂牛肾上腺髓质8-22肽(bovine adrenal medulla 8-22,BAM8-22)在福尔马林引起的持续性痛中对吗啡耐受的影响.结果表明,吗啡(20 μg)在正常大鼠中能显著抑制福尔马林引起的痛行为,多次应用吗啡导致耐受后,其抑制痛行为的能力大大减弱(P＜0.001);吗啡耐受后,BAM8-22(0.1nmol)能翻转吗啡的耐受效应,福尔马林引起第2期抬足/舔爪持续时间和抖动次数分别减少了39.4％ (P＜0.001)和25.3％(P＜0.05).每天椎管内联合应用BAM8-22(0.1 nmol)和吗啡(20峭)不影响吗啡耐受的形成,但隔天给予BAM8-22则能有效延缓吗啡耐受的形成,福尔马林引起第2期缩足舔爪和抖动分别为14.7 min和234.5次,与吗啡耐受鼠相比,分别减少了41.0％ (P＜0.001)和24.8％(P＜0.05).然而,BAM8-22并没有完全翻转或抑制吗啡的耐受(P＜0.001).此外,连续6d给予BAM8-22后会降低吗啡在福尔马林持续痛中的抗伤害作用.证明在福尔马林引起的持续性痛中,SNSR受体参与了调制阿片受体的敏感性.同时,提示在持续性痛中,通过BAM8-22延缓或翻转吗啡耐受是利用阿片受体治疗持续性痛的有效方法.     

BAM网络及其在结构分析中的应用

基于BAM网络、有限元结构分析能量函数的相似性，建立了一种新的结构分析方法。 表明，BAM网络能有效地完成有限元模型求解。     

Quasi-projective and finite-time synchronization of delayed fractional-order BAM neural networks via quantized control

This paper deals with the problems of quasi-projective synchronization (QPS) and finite-time synchronization (FTS) for a kind of delayed fractional-order BAM neural networks (DFOBAMNNs). In order to reach the goals of synchronization and more accurately gauge of settling time and error level, several fresh quantized controllers are structured to make the utmost of confined communication resources. Then, based on the finite-time theorem, quantized control strategy, Lyapunov function theory and properties of Mittag–Leffler function as well as inequality analysis techniques, some plentiful criteria are formed to set up a relation between control gains and quantization parameters. In addition, the corresponding error bound of QPS and guages of the settling time on FTS are also given. Finally, a few numerical examples are introduced to validate the effectiveness of the presented control protocols.     

A graph-theoretic approach to exponential stability of BAM neural networks with delays and reaction-diffusion

This paper deals with the problem of global exponential stability for bidirectional associate memory (BAM) neural networks with time-varying delays and reaction-diffusion terms. By using some inequality techniques, graph theory as well as Lyapunov stability theory, a systematic method of constructing a global Lyapunov function for BAM neural networks with time-varying delays and reaction-diffusion terms is provided. Furthermore, two different kinds of sufficient principles are derived to guarantee the exponential stability of BAM neural networks. Finally, a numerical example is carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability of the theoretical results.     

具有脉冲的BAM型神经网络概周期解的存在性与稳定性

This paper discusses a class of the bidirectional associative memories（BAM） type neural networks with impulse.By using the Banach fixed point theory and some analysis technology,we obtain the existence of almost periodic solution and stability under some sufficient conditions.     

Application of MBAM Neural Network in CNC Machine Fault Diagnosis

In ruder to improve the bidirectional associative memory (BAM) performance, a modified BAM medei(MBAM) is used to enhance neural netwcrk(NN)‘s memory capacity and error correction capability, theoretical analysis and experment results illuminate that MBAM performs much better than the original BAM. The MBAM is used in computer numeric control(CNC) machine fault diagnosis, it not only can complete fault diagnosis correctly but also have fairly high error correction capability for disturbed Input Information sequence. Moreover MBAM model is a more convenient and effective method of solving the problem of CNC electric system fault diagnosis.     

Isotherms of phospholipid monolayers measured by a pendant drop technique

The Axisymmetric Drop Shape Analysis (ADSA) has been used to study the surface pressure/area isotherms of insoluble surfactant monolayers. The continuous measurement of surface tension as a function of surface area by increasing and decreasing the drop volume allows to investigate the phase transitions in monolayers. The isotherms of two phospholipids, dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC) and dimyristoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine (DMPE), show good agreement with those measured by using a conventional Langmuir-Blodgett film balance, except in the coexistence region. The observed disagreements are discussed in terms of differences in compression rate, curvature of the surface and effect of impurities. Evidence of possible geometric effects on monolayer domain formation and growth is given on the basis of BAM images.Due to the small total surface area, the ADSA technique provides advantages as regards homogeneity of temperature, surface pressure, surface concentration and the symmetry of area changes.     

Interactions of Triton X-100 with sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine monolayers: influence of the cholesterol content

The presence of microdomains, called lipid rafts, in biological membranes is usually explained by lateral segregation between specific lipids and proteins. These rafts present similarities with the membrane domains isolated by their non-ionic detergent-resistance at 4 degrees C. They are enriched in sphingomyelin and cholesterol as compared with the outer leaflet of eukaryotic cell membranes. To understand the role played by the lipids enriched in rafts in their resistance to solubilization by detergents, the interactions between these lipids and the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100 were studied by using different lipid monolayers at the air-water interface. The influence of Triton X-100 on the Langmuir isotherms (i.e. surface pressure/area isotherms) of monolayers containing sphingomyelin and cholesterol at different mole ratios was analyzed and the results were compared with the influence of Triton X-100 on monolayers containing a phosphatidylcholine bearing a saturated and an unsaturated fatty acid (i.e. palmitoyloleylphosphatidylcholine) and cholesterol. This phosphatidylcholine was chosen since the phosphatidylcholines present in rafts isolated from bovine kidney could contain about 50% of saturated fatty acids. Triton X-100 induces an increase in the condensing effect observed as compared with ideal mixture of phospholipid/cholesterol. Triton X-100-induced changes in the morphology of the monolayers were visualized by Brewster angle microscopy, which confirmed the differences of behavior observed by analyzing the isotherms.