Stable isotope variation as a tool to trace the authenticity of beef

Organic beef coming principally from Germany was analysed for the hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur stable isotopic composition to test the possibility of tracing back the geographical origin. Since there is a well-known pattern of D/H and ¹⁸O/¹⁶O in meteoric water and in ground water, there is an existing link to tissue water in the beef. By including the stable isotope ratios of the other elements of life further information is available: soils show different isotope ratios of ¹⁵N/¹⁴N and ³⁴S/³²S depending on the geological composition, cultivation and atmospheric sulfur deposition. As organic farming is mainly obliged to use only their produced fodder, that ratio is reflected in the beef as well.Different organic beef samples from various German farms have been collected and analysed over nearly two years. To check the differentiation of foreign beef, samples from Argentina and Chile were also included in the study. The analyses of meat samples indicate that it is possible to trace back the region (e.g. Argentina and Germany) by using isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen. A local geographical differentiation can be done by using the stable isotopes of nitrogen and sulfur, as was demonstrated for three farms in Colonia Bay. An optimal differentiation also depends on the quality of further information (e.g. the season, kind of cattle breeding or the declaration of the local geographical origin). Certainly authenticity of beef is not only linked with the geographical origin but can also reflect the differentiation of organic and conventional farming. The fodder of organic cattle farming consists mainly of C₃ plants and the use of C₄ plants is more usual in conventional cattle farming. A ¹³C/¹²C ratio above –20 appears as a limit for organic farming. Increased values have to be controlled based on their authenticity.     

论音乐课堂教学的“真实美”

随着我国课程改革的不断深入,音乐课堂已成为孕育知识、放飞理想的温床。真实有效的课堂教学,对提高教学质量、实现教育目标具有重要意义。     

Interferometric moiré pattern encoded security holograms with concealed phase object

This paper describes an interferometry-based scheme for concealing phase objects in a security hologram. The decoding process is based on geometrical moiré technique and requires a key for hologram authenticity verification. Decoding process is straightforward and could be carried out in white light, making it suitable for validation of security holograms. The method is described and experimental results are presented.     

基于水稻种子近红外特征光谱的品种鉴别方法研究

本文用MPA傅立叶变换近红外光谱仪研究了单粒水稻种子的漫反射光谱特征,发现颖壳对光谱扫描有影响,为了尽量消除这种影响,保证光谱的代表性,应对其上下表面分别进行多次光谱采集,取它们的平均光谱。本文利用种子品种特有的光谱特性,结合不同光谱预处理方法建立了多个聚类分析模型,比较它们对杂交F1代种子"03S/0412"和其父本种子"0412"的鉴别效果。结果显示:选择4000⁸900cm-1光谱范围,通过"无预处理"、"矢量归一化"、"二阶导数(25点平滑)"和"二阶导数(25点平滑)+矢量归一化"建立的模型校正集正确率分别为52.4%、65.2%、75.2%和100%,可见,相比无预处理,经过各种预处理后正确率都有提高,其中"二阶导数(25点平滑)+矢量归一化"建立的模型最好,用该模型对预测集预测,分类正确率也为100%,具有很好的预测性能。这说明近红外光谱技术可用于单粒水稻种子品种真伪性鉴别。     

Experiments on authenticity and plausibility of binaural reproduction via headphones employing different recording methods

Major criteria for a successful binaural reproduction are not only a suitable localization performance, but also the authenticity and plausibility of the presented scene. It is therefore interesting to examine whether the binaural reproduction can be perceptually distinguished from a real source. The aim of the presented investigation is to compare the quality of the binaural reproduction via headphones with two different microphone setups (miniature microphone in Open-Dome and ear plug) for individual head-related-transfer-function (HRTF) and headphone-transfer-function (HpTF) measurements. Listening tests with a total of 80 subjects were carried out focusing on plausibility and authenticity. In the examination of plausibility detection rates showed that subjects were not able to match the reproduced pink noise to its reproduction system (real source vs. binaural reproduction via headphones). The authenticity of the static binaural reproduction was highly dependent on the stimulus. Pink noise could often be distinguished due to coloration in higher frequencies and small differences in location. A difference between microphone setups could not be found in neither of the listening tests.     

非线性化学群集成分分析法测定掺杂在羊奶中的牛奶和马奶含量

提出了一种测定奶品中群集成分的非线性化学方法,并将其用于为测定掺杂在羊奶中的牛奶和马奶的含量.首先,在不同温度下测定不同掺杂比的混合奶标样与纯羊奶的非线性化学指纹图谱诱导时间之差,利用该差值与混合奶中各原奶含量的多元线性关系,通过最小二乘法建立测定混合奶中各原奶含量的系统模型;然后,用此模型及相同条件下测得的混合奶试样与纯羊奶指纹图谱的诱导时间之差,计算出该试样中各原奶含量,并据此来鉴别奶品种类及掺杂程度.结果表明,测定值与真实值之间相关系数为0.9991,RSD为0.77%~4.3%,回收率为93.2%~105.5%,掺杂牛奶和马奶含量的检出限分别为1.93%和2.81%;该方法重现性好、准确度高,可同时测定多元混合奶中各原奶的含量,也能准确鉴别出奶品种类;其原理具有通用性,可供其它复杂样品定量分析借鉴和应用.     

Enhanced chromatographic fingerprinting of herb materials by multi-wavelength selection and chemometrics

A strategy for multi-wavelength chromatographic fingerprinting of herbal materials, using high performance liquid chromatography with a UV–Vis diode array detector is presented. Valeriana officinalis was selected to show the proposed methodology since it is a widely used commercially available herbal drug, and because misfit with other valerian species is a current issue. The enhanced fingerprints were constructed by compiling into a single data vector the chromatograms from four wavelengths (226, 254, 280 and 326 nm), at which characteristic chemical constituents of studied herbs presented maximum absorbance. Chromatographic data pretreatment included baseline correction, normalization and correlation optimized warping. A simplex optimization was performed to retrieve the optimal values of the parameters used in the warping. General success rates of a classification above 90% were achieved by soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The sensitivity and specificity of constructed models were above 94%. Tests on laboratory-made mixtures showed that it is possible to detect adulterations or counterfeits with 5% foreign herbal material, even if it is from the Valerianaceae family. The results suggest that the proposed enhanced fingerprinting approach can be used to authenticate herb materials with complex chromatographic profiles.     

网络环境下文档一体化的技术性制约因素分析

网络环境下文档一体化面临着一系列的技术性问题亟待解决，主要表现在文件、档案电子存储格式的不统一；子系统结合不紧密，没有真正实现渗透融合；利用者对电子文档的真实性难以确定等．CEB北大方正开发的完全高保真的中文电子文档格式能有效地解决电子文档不统一的问题；采用把档案管理模块中分离出一些功能纳入到公文管理模块中的方法可以实现子系统的密切渗透融合；数字认证技术有利于解决电子档案的真实性判定问题．     

Quality assessment and authentication of virgin olive oil by NMR spectroscopy: A critical review

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy has been extensively used for the analysis of olive oil and it has been established as a valuable tool for its quality assessment and authenticity. To date, a large number of research and review articles have been published with regards to the analysis of olive oil reflecting the potential of the NMR technique in these studies. In this critical review, we cover recent results in the field and discuss deficiencies and precautions of the three NMR techniques (¹H, ¹³C, ³¹P) used for the analysis of olive oil. The two methodological approaches of metabonomics, metabolic profiling and metabolic fingerprinting, and the statistical methods applied for the classification of olive oils will be discussed in critical way. Some useful information about sample preparation, the required instrumentation for an effective analysis, the experimental conditions and data processing for obtaining high quality spectra will be presented as well. Finally, a constructive criticism will be exercised on the present methodologies used for the quality control and authentication of olive oil.     

A new mathematical approximation of sunlight attenuation in rocks for surface luminescence dating

The attenuation of sunlight through different rock surfaces and the thermoluminescence (TL) or Optical stimulated luminescence (OSL) residuals clock resetting derived from sunlight induced eviction of electrons from electron traps, is a prerequisite criterion for potential dating. The modeling of change of residual luminescence as a function of two variables, the solar radiation path length (or depth) and exposure time offers further insight into the dating concept. The double exponential function modeling based on the Lambert-Beer law, valid under certain assumptions, constructed by a quasi-manual equation fails to offer a general and statistically sound expression of the best fit for most rock types. A cumulative log-normal distribution fitting provides a most satisfactory mathematical approximation for marbles, marble schists and granites, where absorption coefficient and residual luminescence parameters are defined per each type of rock or marble quarry. The new model is applied on available data and age determination tests.