霍乱毒素结合辣根过氧化物酶逆行追踪大鼠幽门括约肌神经纤维

目的:胃幽门括约肌是胃肠动力调控的重要装置和结构,探讨胃幽门括约肌神经纤维的来源,特别是内源性神经元的支配,更好地了解幽门括约肌神经支配与胃肠功能的相互关系.方法:采用霍乱毒素结合辣根过氧化物酶(CB-HRP)逆行神经通路追踪法显示幽门括约肌神经纤维的分布与胞体定位.结果:幽门括约肌处以及胃前壁、胃大弯侧壁肌内均可观察到HRP标记的阳性神经元胞体.小肠、迷走孤束核复合体出现HRP阳性标记细胞.在胃肠壁内观察到HRP标记细胞中的VIP或NO双重标记的存在.结论:幽门括约肌以及胃肠内固有的肠神经系统及外源性自主神经均参与对括约肌调控的神经机制.     

Recreational runners with patellofemoral pain exhibit elevated patella water content

Increased bone water content resulting from repetitive patellofemoral joint overloading has been suggested to be a possible mechanism underlying patellofemoral pain (PFP). To date, it remains unknown whether persons with PFP exhibit elevated bone water content. The purpose of this study was to determine whether recreational runners with PFP exhibit elevated patella water content when compared to pain-free controls. Ten female recreational runners with a diagnosis of PFP (22 to 39 years of age) and 10 gender, age, weight, height, and activity matched controls underwent chemical-shift-encoded water-fat magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to quantify patella water content (i.e., water-signal fraction). Differences in bone water content of the total patella, lateral aspect of the patella, and medial aspect of the patella were compared between groups using independent t tests. Compared with the control group, the PFP group demonstrated significantly greater total patella bone water content (15.4 ± 3.5% vs. 10.3 ± 2.1%; P = 0.001), lateral patella water content (17.2 ± 4.2% vs. 11.5 ± 2.5%; P = 0.002), and medial patella water content (13.2 ± 2.7% vs. 8.4 ± 2.3%; P < 0.001). The higher patella water content observed in female runners with PFP is suggestive of venous engorgement and elevated extracellular fluid. In turn, this may lead to an increase in intraosseous pressure and pain.     

甲状腺手术中显露喉返神经的意义

目的探讨甲状腺手术中显露喉返神经（RLN）对预防和减少喉返神经损伤的意义.方法回顾性分析经手术治疗的578例甲状腺结节患者资料,268例显露喉返神经,310例按传统方法对喉返神经走行区进行保护,未显露喉返神经.结果显露喉返神经组（A组）神经暂时性损伤2例,无永久性损伤,总损伤率0.75%;未显露喉返神经组（B组）暂时性...     

基于多特征集成分类器的人脸表情识别

提出基于多特征集成分类器的人脸表情识别新算法。新算法首先对预处理后的人脸表情图像通过3种不同的特征提取方法来提取不同类型的表情特征,然后对不同特征构造不同的分类器,最后构造一个基于神经网络的集成分类器模型,对这3个分类器的输出进行决策融合,从而实现人脸表情的最终识别。在JAFFE人脸表情数据库中的试验结果表明,所提算法的识别效果优于单个特征和单一的分类器。     

红外热不对称分析用于面神经功能损伤的客观评估

健康人体的温度分布存在一种双侧对称性,当面神经功能受损时,将改变这种热分布的对称性。人体热量大多通过红外辐射的形式散发,因此利用红外热成像技术可以有效捕捉这种红外热辐射分布的改变。本文提出一种新的热不对称分析的方法——有效热面积比,即计算面部特定区域与对侧区域的温差乘以温度异常区面积与总面积之比。利用这种方法对面神经功能损伤的患者和健康人群作对照性试验,结果显示:此方法的特异性和敏感性平均为0.90和0.87,比常规方法提高了7%和26%,有效热面积比与面神经功能的损伤程度正相关,平均为0.664。因此,关于诊断和评估面神经功能,红外热成像是一种有力的工具,有效热面积比是一项高效的临床指标。     

Amperometric Biosensor for Evaluation of Competitive Cholinesterase Inhibition by the Reactivator HI‐6

Abstract

Amperometric biosensors containing enzymes butyrylcholinesterase or acetylcholinesterase were prepared. The biosensors were employed for studying of cholinesterase reactivator: HI‐6. Competitions between HI‐6 and acetylthiocholine as enzyme substrate were used for determination of IC₅₀ value. Biosensors with butyrylcholinesterase from human serum determined IC₅₀ as (1.00±0.02)×10^?6 M; the biosensor with acetylcholinesterase from human erythrocytes performance provided IC₅₀ (3.31±0.13)×10^?6 M, the one with human recombinant acetylcholinesterase (2.00±0.06)×10^?6 M and finally biosensor with acetylcholinesterase from electric eel (6.17±0.17)×10^?6 M when 5 mM acetylthiocholine as substrate was used. We are encouraged to consider presented biosensors as a very useful for evaluation of newly prepared cholinesterase reactivators.     

Divisional and hierarchical innervations of G. gecko’s toes to motion and reception

As a member of robot families, climbing robots have become one of the research hot-spots in the robotic field recently and Gekko gecko （G. gecko） has been broadly seen as an ideal model for climbing robot development. But for gecko-mimic robots, one of the key problems is how to design the robot＇s foot. In this paper, （1） high-speed camera recording and electrophysiological method are used to observe motion patterns of G. gecko＇s foot when it climbs on different oriented surfaces; （2） nerve innervations of gecko＇s toes to motion and reception are studied. It is found that the five toes of the G. gecko can be divided into two motion and reception divisions, and also its motion and reception are modulated and controlled hierarchically. The results provide important information and exclusive ideas for the foot design and control algorithm of gecko-mimic robots.     

一类拟线性神经传播方程的紧LOD差分格式

通过引入变量将方程从形式上降阶,提出了求解一类拟线性神经传播方程的紧局部一维（LOD）差分格式,并应用能量方法给出了格式的误差估计,得到该格式在L^2模下具有O（Δt^2＋h^4）的精度．最后通过数值例子验证了算法的有效性．     

Inhibiting pain with pain— A basic neuromechanism of acupuncture analgesia

(i) The structure and function of the meridian (channel and collateral) described by ancient medical doctors may correspond to the blood circulation, nerve control and neurohumoral modulation of modern medicine. (ii) The needling, which can injure the tissue, is a noxious stimulation inducing pain. Acupuncture manipulation, such as lifting and thrusting, twisting and twirling, or electroacupuncture (EA) with the sufferable biggest intensity for patients should be a stronger pain stimulation. The needling sensation of soreness, numbness, distension and heaviness is a deep pain. (iii) There is an intrinsic analgesic system in brain, which centers around the periventricular and periaqueductal grey matter, contains endorphins as possible mediators, goes through the descending inhibition system in medulla oblon-gata, and acts on the gating mechanism in spinal cord. Itcould be producing analgesia while the system is activated. (iv) NRM might be a supraspinal center modulating pain, and the R-S neurons could form a basic circuit of negative feedback modulating pain. The discovery of excitatory-inhibitory reversible R-S neurons may give a neuro-physiological explanation for the double direction modulation of acupuncture at acupoint. (v) Non-noxious stimulation such as massage or stroking could excite type I and n afferent fibers, producing a weaker and transient analgesia through the spinal mechanism. When the acupoint is near the pain area, the afferent information from them could be converged on the same and neighboring spinal segments, the light acupuncture or low intensity of EA also has analgesic effects, showing acupoint specificity. But the acupoint specificity is not limited in a specially designated channel line, and it is closely related to the segment of innervation. (vi) While acupuncture manipulation of lifting and thrusting, twisting and twirling or a high intensity of EA is used, because the intensities of these stimulations exceed the threshold of afferent C fibers, they could fully excite Ⅲ(Aδ) and Ⅳ (C) afferent fibers, producing a strong and lasting analgesia, mainly through the supraspinal negative feedback mechanism modulating pain, it has curative effects. Therefore, the essence of acupuncture analgesia may chiefly be inhibiting pain with pain.     

Mechanism for chronic pain generation

Neuropathic pain and the other abnormalities of sensation induced by axon injury or by peripheral nerve inflammation should result from functional compensations of the injured neurons during their regeneration. Ectopic distribution of proteins related to Na⁺, K⁺ and Ca²⁺ channels as well as of receptors on both membranes of injured axon and its cell body becomes a main pacemaker from which spontaneous ectopic afferent of primary sensatory neurons and crosstalk between neurons occur. Abnormal ectopic afferent activities lead to disorders of the sensation, such as hyperalgesia, allodynia, spontaneous pain and paraesthesia. Administration of some ion channel agents and/or α2-adrenergic blockers has shown efficiency in preventing neuropathic pain development and in relieving neuropathic pain.