Experimental modeling the millimeter wave scattering from vegetation canopy

In the paper we present the results of experimental modeling the millimeter wave scattering from elements and fragments of a vegetation canopy. The dependence of amplitude and phase distributions of scattered field in near zone, of back-scattering cross section, and of scattered field distribution in Frenel zone for a fragment of wheat shoots upon the moisture and shape of an individual element is determined.     

Study on the Technology of Restoration and Giving a New Lease of Life to the Alpine Grassland Vegetation in the Construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway

This article gives a summary and analasis to experimental study on the restoration and giving a new lease of life to the alpine grassland vegetation along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. Through on-the-spot investigation and vegetaion storation experimental study to the constructive fetching soil ground in Tuotuo River experiment section in the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the result shows ： after the activities of the construction, soil conditions on the fetching soil ground have changed a lot, the soil quality has obviously degraded. In order to do well the vegetaton storation and reconstruction in the process of the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the backfilling of the surface soil should really be done well. According to the result of on -the-spot experiment, the Elymus dahuricus Turcz and Poa annua Linn are all more suitable to the fetching soil environment on the alpine grassland, the plant can normally grow in the growing season. The timing selection of the vegetation should fully use feature of both rain and heat in the same season, thus can improve the percentage of success.     

Multicriterion analysis of a vegetation management problem using ELECTRE II

A brief review of the ELECTRE II technique based on a strong and a weak ordinal outranking relationship is given. This technique, which is applied to alternative vegetation management schemes, leads to a complete ranking of the alternatives by means of three thresholds for concordance conditions and two thresholds for discordance conditions. Specifically, six alternative schemes are evaluated with respect to seven criteria, leading to the determination of a preferred system. A sensitivity analysis indicates that the ELECTRE II ranking is fairly robust with respect to parameter changes for the conditions of the case study.     

食品玻璃化保存的研究进展

简单介绍了玻璃化转变的基本理论,通过阐述玻璃化保存在水产品、速冻水果及速冻面制品中的应用来说明食品玻璃化保存的研究现状,并对目前食品的玻璃化保存所存在的主要问题进行了探讨。     

洛河中游河岸带不同生境类型中物种多样性研究

为研究河岸带植被不同生境类型中物种多样性变化格局,在洛河中游沿河岸带通过样地调查,采用Patrick丰富度指数(R)、McIntosh均匀度指数(E)、Simpson优势度指数(C)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)、Simpson多样性指数(D)对洛河中游河岸带不同生境类型(河滩、农田、撂荒地和林地)草本层的物种多样性进行评价,利用重要值对多样性指数中的Ni进行无偏估计.结果表明:洛河中游河岸带植物种类丰富,有33科,97属,141种,分布最多的为菊科,其次是禾本科.沿洛河河岸带不同生境类型中,物种多样性各项指标有一个明显的变化格局:丰富度指数中,河滩>林地>撂荒地>农田;多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson多样性指数)中,河滩>林地≈撂荒地>农田;农田均匀度最高,且优势度也最高.     

植被格局研究中的基础地理数据数字环境分析

以济南市南部山区部分区域为研究范围,借鉴已有研究成果,采用对比分析法、综合分析法和实验验证法,从坐标系统、地图投影、比例尺和空间分辨率等方面对植被格局研究中基础地理数据数字环境建设进行研究,选定以 1954 年北京坐标系、高斯———克吕格投影、1:10 000 比例尺、10 m 分辨率作为基础数据的数字环境。并得出如下结论：（1）坐标系统的选择首先应该考虑原始数据所采用的坐标系统,应保证所需数据坐标系统的统一性;（2）在选择地图投影时,应充分考虑研究区大小、形状及数据源特征、地理位置、研究专题内容等要素;（3）在比例尺选择时,应充分考虑专题要素制图及分析结果制图要求的信息量和制图精度;（4）在选择栅格数据的栅格大小时应综合考虑眼睛识别能力、数据量、数据要求精度等因素。     

15N-Labelled Ammonium and Nitrate Uptake by the Grass Calamagrostis villosa

Abstract

Calamagrostis villosa dominates the understory vegetation in declining spruce forests at higher elevations of the Central European mountain areas which show symptoms of needle yellowing and associated magnesium (Mg) deficiency. It was hypothesized that grasses would preferentially take up nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N) over ammonium-nitrogen (NH₄-N) which would support the cation balance in Mg deficient soils. In order to test this hypothesis, growth experiments were carried out in the greenhouse using plants which were cultivated in sand for nine weeks with full nutrient solution containing 0.2 or 2 mmol of N with different NH₄ ⁺ to NO₃ ^? ratios (1:0, 0.5:0.5, 0:1). In a short term experiment with labelled ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺ and ¹⁵NO₃ ^?, uptake of NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ^? was measured. When NO₃ ^? was the only N source it was taken up at similar rate per g dry mass as in the experiment in which NH₄ ⁺ was the only N source. However, at high supply pure NO₃ ^? nutrition resulted in higher biomass. In contrast, supply of only NH₄ ⁺ caused accumulation of N in the roots but growth remained restricted. If NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ^? were supplied at equal amounts, NH₄ ⁺ was the preferred form for N uptake. Biomass of the plants with mixed supply did not differ from the plants with pure NO₃ ^? nutrition.

The results point to an interesting interaction of carbon and nitrogen relation, but they do not support the initial hypothesis that grasses may prefer NO₃ ^? over NH₄ ⁺.     

长江浦口段江滩复绿对河道行洪能力的影响

为分析长江浦口段江滩复绿工程对河道行洪的影响,基于MIKE21 FM建立工程区段二维水动力模型,采用Moghadam淹没植被明渠糙率公式模拟植被阻水作用,研究植被对滩面糙率的改变及对行洪阻力的影响。选取水位和流速为观测指标,分析复绿前后滩地、主槽水面线变化和流速分布变化,研究不同流量条件下,植被带对行洪影响能力的影响。结果表明,江滩复绿后,河段上游水位壅高,滩地流速减小,主槽流速增大;滩面淹没水深小于临界水深（1.3m）时,上游壅高随流量增大而增大;滩面淹没水深大于临界水深时,上游壅高随流量增大而减小。     

武汉市植被物候变化规律及影响因素分析

植被物候作为植被生长响应气候变化的指示器,对于研究气候变化以及城市化进程具有重要意义.城市内部植被通常分布破碎,因此公里级的低分辨率遥感影像难以实现植被的精细识别与分析,而十米级空间分辨率的遥感数据在时间分辨率方面又难以满足物候分析的要求.为此,该文基于遥感数据时空融合技术,缓解高时间分辨率与高空间分辨率之间的矛盾,进行城市植被物候变化规律的分析.基于非局部滤波融合方法,生成武汉市空间分辨率30 m、时间分辨率8 d的地表反射率及EVI(增强型植被指数)序列,进一步采用移动加权谐波分析方法对EVI序列进行重建,并通过动态阈值方法提取2006年～2014年武汉市植被物候信息.实验结果表明：1) 武汉市植被由中心向郊区呈现生长期开始时间(SOS)逐渐推迟、结束时间(EOS)逐渐提前、生长期长度(LOS)逐渐延长的空间分布规律,且整体呈现出SOS提前、EOS推迟、LOS延长的时间变化趋势;2) 植被物候和平均气温相关性并不显著,但EOS和LOS受气温年平均日较差影响显著,气温年平均日较差每增加1℃,EOS推迟约12 d,LOS延长约16 d,降水主要影响SOS和LOS,平均降水量每升高100 mm,SOS提前约5 d,LOS延长约9 d.     

基于遥感影像的福建省长汀县级植被覆盖变化监测及分析

【目的】 通过长期遥感监测的方法,研究我国东南部降雨充沛、土壤易被侵蚀的红壤区县级植被覆盖变化及其驱动因素。【方法】以福建长汀县为研究区,借助2013—2015年高分辨率(1～1.5 m)的Google Earth影像和2015年7月实地调查数据结果为分类蓝本及先验知识,利用1976—2014年8期Landsat MSS/TM数据和专家分类系统把土地利用类型分为森林、灌丛、农田、居民地和裸地共5大类,通过混淆矩阵结合统计数据,分别对分类结果进行精度检验,并基于分类结果分析植被覆盖变化的驱动因素。【结果】专家分类系统对土地利用类型的分类精度(85%以上)较高; 40年来研究区植被覆盖率一直较高(81.5%～88.3%); 森林面积持续增长; 农田面积虽有波动,但总体保持稳定; 灌丛面积总体减少。研究区中部在20世纪80年代存在大量裸土区,1985年以后持续大量减少,2010年以后趋于稳定; 居民地在1995年以后面积经历快速增长阶段,2010年后趋于稳定; 总体耕地面积较少,主要分布在居民地附近。【结论】长汀县植被覆盖在40年间经历了较为复杂的时空变化,驱动因子在不同阶段也不相同。植被覆盖面积经历了先减少后增加的过程,总体的面积增加。在整个变化过程中,植被覆盖面积增加的主要驱动因素是植树造林和水土流失治理工程,植树造林工程使得森林面积增加,水土流失治理工程使得裸土面积减少; 植被覆盖面积减少的驱动因素是城镇化,城镇化造成居民地面积的扩张和灌丛面积的减少。