从环境考古角度对古居巢国的蠡测

巢国(又称居巢)是殷周时期的重要方国之一.春秋战国时,它是吴、楚两国相互争夺的一个小国,先是归服于楚,后为吴所灭,汉朝后则鲜见典籍.后人在从历史文献考察这一古国的都城时,对它的消失始终有一些难解之谜.近年唐家嘴遗址的发现,重新引发对这一问题的讨论.通过对唐家嘴遗址文化层含碳较高的中间层位14C测年,距今年代2090±130aBP.结合文化层考虑,大约终止在1800年前的这个遗址,似乎可以与历史记载赤乌二年(A.D.239年)发生的"陷巢州"相合.本文以历史文献为根据,以环境考古理论为指导,初步划定古居巢国都城的大体位置及其功能、规模与等级,探讨唐家嘴汉代遗址与古居巢国都城之间的关系,反思人类活动对巢湖环境变迁的影响.     

杭州老虎洞窑古陶瓷成分的化学计量学研究

用支持向量机算法研究了与杭州老虎洞古陶瓷有关的两个断源、断代问题。作为化学计量学的～种新型分类算法,支持向量机在小样本问题上表现出良好的泛化能力,与特征选择方法结合,可以有效处理样本少,特征多的问题。本研究综合利用支持向量机、特征选择算法和其它化学计量学算法研究了杭州凤凰山麓万松岭附近的古窑遗址和“传世哥窑”的断源、断代问题,证明老虎洞窑与郊坛下窑产品截然不同,万松岭附近地面收集瓷片样本是老虎洞窑宋代地层的瓷片滑落所致,而“传世哥窑”样品可能是老虎洞窑元代时的产品。实验表明：支持向量机算法与化学分析相结合可以成为研究古陶瓷断源和断代问题的一种新方法。     

ICP-AES法测定古代车师人肋骨中的痕量元素

近几十年来 ,古代人群的食谱研究已经成为现代科技考古学的一个重要组成部分 ,也是当前国际科技考古学研究领域的一项前沿性课题。人类骨骼的微量元素分析为重建古代居民的食谱提供了大量信息。本文用硝酸 盐酸消解样品 ,采用电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪 (ICP AES) ,在选定的最佳条件下 ,对新疆地区古代车师人肋骨中的Sr,Zn ,Ca ,Cu ,Mg,Fe ,Ba ,Mn等 8种痕量元素进行了测定 ,该方法采用一次溶样 ,多元素同时测定 ,回收率为 87 4 %～ 1 0 6 6 %之间。相对标准偏差为 0 5 %～ 3 3%。该方法简单 ,快捷可靠 ,适用于古代骨样品的测定 ,结果令人满意。其结果为考古学和人类学的研究提供了科学的依据。同时考察了不同酸度对分析结果的影响和共存元素间的相互干扰 ,此外还进行了精密度实验。     

从体育发展看民族性格的形成

民族性格的形成,是多种因素共同作用的结果．笔者通过对中国古代体育发展历程的追溯,以及中国与古希腊早期体育发展状况的比较,说明在民族性格漫长的形成过程中,体育发挥了不可替代的作用,不同的体育发展方式是不同的民族性格形成的重要原因之一。     

Characterization of sepia ink in ancient graphic documents by capillary electrophoresis

A simple and rapid capillary electrophoresis with diode array detection method was developed for sepia ink identification in ancient graphic documents.Separation was performed in a fused-silica capillary (64.5 cm length, 50 μm i.d.). The running buffer was 20 mM sodium tetraborate solution, pH 9.2. The applied potential was 25 kV, temperature 25 °C and detection was at 220 nm. An appropriate extraction procedure was applied for the take and treatment of sample from the reference substances and ancient graphic documents. This method was successfully applied to the collection of drawings and maps from the Royal Chancellery Archives of Granada (Spain).     

Investigations by various analytical techniques to the correct classification of archaeological finds and delineation of technological features: Late Roman lamps from Egnatia: From imports to local production

Late Roman oil lamps from the archaeological site of Egnatia (Fasano, Brindisi, Italy) were characterized from physical–chemical, mineralogical and morphological points of view. Atomic Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Diffraction analyses were carried out on ceramic body and coatings with the aim of identifying the provenance of lamps, in order to arrive at a correct archaeological classification of finds and to outline their technological features.The analytical results show that the finds differ in raw materials and in production technology. The statistical multivariate treatment of compositional data of ceramic bodies groups the objects into two macro clusters and, according to a study of their different petrographic features and by a comparison with coeval pottery whose provenance is already known, suggests one group to have been imported from North Africa and the other to have been locally produced. Moreover, chemical results and in-depth archaeological analyses allow us to split the imported lamps into two subgroups, hypothesizing the first group to originate from central Tunisia and the second from the north of the same country.The analytical characterisation of finds, by different complementary techniques, has allowed us to identify the raw materials and the technological solutions used by the ancient potters from Egnatia to produce lamps. The potters made lamps which had an external appearance very similar to that of African prototypes, but which were nevertheless different as they employed the locally available materials.     

Study by grazing incident diffraction and surface spectroscopy of amalgams from ancient mirrors

Characterization of four amalgam surfaces, with different alteration degrees from Andalusia historical mirrors, has been carried out by grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), and other spectroscopic techniques (SEM/EDX, XPS, and REELS). The combination of all these techniques allows determining the corrosion state of the amalgams. The results show that the amalgams are composed in all cases of a binary alloy of tin and mercury. As mercury has high vapour pressure at RT, it slowly segregates and eventually evaporates, it leaves finely divided particles of tin that easily can be oxidize, forming tin monoxide (SnO) and tin dioxide (SnO₂). In one of the samples, most of the amalgam remains unoxidized, since Hg_0.1Sn_0.9 and metallic Sn phases are the major components; in two other samples, Hg_0.1Sn_0.9 and Sn phases are not detected while SnO₂ and SnO phases appear. Finally, in the last studied sample, only SnO₂ phase is detected. The surface analyses of these samples by XPS show that, for most of them an unique chemical species (Sn⁴⁺) is found.      

琴歌一曲古怨长——姜夔《古怨》之审美赏析

姜夔的琴歌《古怨》是姜夔作品中唯一一首琴歌作品,形式和内容有别于其他形式的曲辞,有着独特的审美特点。此琴歌用的是侧商调,调式古老流美,旋律古雅悠长。琴歌曲词分为三个部分,分别有着烟雾迷津中的苍茫缥缈,黍离之悲哀婉凄凉,野云孤雁的清空洒脱等审美特点。这些特点与作者的身世和所处环境相关。此外,作品中双关,隐喻,用典等艺术手法的运用恰到好处。此琴歌抒发了作者对身世凄凉,世道变迁,家国破碎的感叹。     

舟山古民居屋脊脊翼及其所表现的文化现象

“凤凰尾巴”脊翼与装饰卷草纹样的清水脊脊翼是舟山古民居屋脊装饰中最显著的特点,它们各自表现了舟山地域海洋文化中的崇鸟文化和大陆传统文化中的佛教文化现象。     

贵州凯里-黄平地区铝土矿空间分布规律与古岩溶地貌关系的研究

通过对凯里-黄平铝土矿区中王家寨矿区、苦李井矿区、铁厂沟矿区和渔洞矿区的铝土矿空间分布规律及与古岩溶地貌关系的研究,得出研究区铝土矿床的空间分布规律、矿体的空间形态、规模、品位及厚度等均受到古岩溶作用控制。古岩溶地貌为溶斗区域的铝土矿体厚度变化大,延展较小;但其矿石质量较好,品位较高;而古岩溶地貌为岩溶洼地区域的铝土矿体厚度变化较小,呈似层状产出;但矿体厚度小,矿石质量相对低一些;同时铝土矿体厚度、品位与含铝岩系厚度呈明显正相关,这也与古岩溶地貌有着密切的关系。