A Constitutive Model in Finite Viscoelasticity of Particle-reinforced Rubbers

Two series of tensile relaxation tests are performed on natural rubber filled with high abrasion furnace black. To fit observations, constitutive equations are derived for the nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of a particle-reinforced elastomer. A filled rubber is modeled as a composite medium, where inclusions with low concentrations of junctions are randomly distributed in the host matrix. The inclusions are treated as equivalent networks of macromolecules, where strands can separate from temporary junctions as they are thermally agitated. The bulk medium is thought of as a permanent network of chains. Unlike conventional concepts of transient networks, the concentration of strands in inclusions is assumed to be affected by mechanical factors: under active loading, inter-chain interactions weaken and some strands that were prevented from detachment from their junctions in a stress-free compound become free to separate from the junctions in a deformed medium. Unloading strengthens interactions between macromolecules, which results in an increase in the number of permanent strands. By using the laws of thermodynamics, stress–strain relations for a particle-reinforced rubber are developed. Adjustable parameters in the constitutive equations are found by fitting the experimental data. It is demonstrated that mechanical pre-loading and annealing of specimens at an elevated temperature noticeably affect concentrations of inclusions with various activation energies for rearrangement of strands.     

Hydrogel‐like elastic membrane consisting of semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks based on a phosphorylcholine polymer and a segmented polyurethane

To obtain a hydrogel‐like elastic membrane, we prepared semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) by the radical polymerization of methacrylates such as 2‐methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC), 2‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate, and triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate diffused into segmented polyurethane (SPU) membranes swollen with a monomer mixture. The values of Young's modulus for the hydrated semi‐IPN membranes were less than that for an SPU membrane because of higher hydration, but they were much higher than that for a hydrated MPC polymer gel (non‐SPU). According to a thermal analysis, the MPC polymer influenced the segment association of SPU. The diffusion coefficient of 8‐anilino‐1‐naphthalenesulfonic acid sodium salt from the semi‐IPN membrane could be controlled with different MPC unit concentrations in the membrane, and it was about 7 × 10² times higher than that of the SPU membrane. Fibroblast cell adhesion on the semi‐IPN membrane was effectively reduced by the MPC units. We concluded that semi‐IPNs composed of the MPC polymer and SPU may be novel polymer materials possessing attractive mechanical, diffusive‐release, and nonbiofouling properties. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 68–75, 2003     

Efficient and power-awareness query over sensor networks

Sensor networks consisted of low-cost, low-power, multifunctional miniature sensor devices have played an important role in our daily life. Light and humidity monitoring, seismic and animal activity detection, environment and habitat monitoring are the most common applications. However, due to the limited power supply, ordinary query methods and algorithms can not be applied on sensor networks. Queries over sensor networks should be power-aware to guarantee the maximum power savings. The minimal power consumption by avoiding the expensive communication of the redundant sensor nodes is concentrated on. A lot of work have been done to reduce the participated nodes, but none of them have considered the overlapping minimum bounded rectangle (MBR) of sensors which make them impossible to reach the optimization solution. The proposed OMSI-tree and OMR algorithm can efficiently solve this problem by executing a given query only on the sensors involved. Experiments show that there is an obvious improvement compared with TinyDB and other spatial index, adopting the proposed schema and algorithm.     

Thermolyzable polymer networks and star polymers containing a novel,compact, degradable acylal‐based dimethacrylate cross‐linker: Synthesis,characterization, and thermolysis

A compact, cleavable acylal dimethacrylate cross‐linker, 1,1‐ethylenediol dimethacrylate (EDDMA), was synthesized from the anhydrous iron(III) chloride‐catalyzed reaction between methacrylic anhydride and acetaldehyde. The ability of EDDMA to act as cross‐linker was demonstrated by using it for the preparation of one neat cross‐linker network, four star polymers of methyl methacrylate (MMA), and four randomly cross‐linked MMA polymer networks using group transfer polymerization (GTP). For comparison, the corresponding polymer structures based on the commercially available ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) cross‐linker (isomer of EDDMA) were also prepared via GTP. The number of arms of the EDDMA‐based star polymers was lower than that of the corresponding EGDMA polymers, whereas the degrees of swelling in tetrahydrofuran of the EDDMA‐based MMA networks were higher than those of their EGDMA‐based counterparts. Although none of the EDDMA‐containing polymers could be cleanly hydrolyzed under basic or acidic conditions, they could be thermolyzed at 200 °C within 1 day giving lower molecular weight products. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5811–5823, 2007     

Statistical approach to light scattering from deformed textured heterogeneous polymer materials

A statistical theory of light scattering from deformed isotropic and textured heterogeneous polymer materials is formulated. Two types of textured structures are analyzed: assemblies of optically isotropic and anisotropic rods and a spatially anisotropic distribution of isotropic spherical inclusion centers. The small-angle H_v light-scattering patterns are calculated. The appearance of scattering from isotropic rods and spheres in deformed materials has been demonstrated. The changes of the H_v scattering patterns as a function of elongation and strucuture parameters are discussed. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Samples Selection for Artificial Neural Network Training in Preliminary Structural Design

An artificial neural network (ANN) is applied in the preliminary structural design of reticulated shells. Major efforts are made to enhance the generalization ability of networks through well-selected training samples. Number-theoretic methods (NTMs) are adopted to generate samples with low discrepancy, i.e.uniformly scattered in the domain, where discrepancy is a quantitative measurement of the uniformity. The discrepancy of the NTM-based sample set is 1/6-1/7 that of samples with equal spacing. In a case study,networks trained by NTM-based samples are compared with those trained by equal-spaced samples in generalizing performance. The results show that both the computational precision and stability of the former ANNs are more satisfactory than those of the latter. It is concluded that the flexibility of ANNs in generalizing can be effectively increased by use of uniformly distributed training samples rather than simply piling data.More reliable uniformity should be obtained, however, through NTMs instead of equal-spaced samples.     

人工神经网络紫外分光光度法同时测定苯和甲苯

应用三层ANN_BP网络解析苯和甲苯的吸收光谱 ,不经分离 ,用紫外分光光度法同时测定苯和甲苯 .使用改进的BP算法 ,避免了神经网络学习过程中可能产生的麻痹现象 ,提出了目标向量的简单变换方法及便于网络参数选择的收敛评价函数 .实验验证了方法的有效性 ,同时表明 ,苯在 0 - 72 0mg/L和甲苯在 0 - 84 0mg/L范围内服从比尔定律     

神经网络自适应控制器设计

对前馈神经网络用于动态系统的辨识、自适应控制进行了分析和数学推导，给出了自适应神经网络控制器的设计方法．最后通过仿真实例进行了说明．     

无线异类数据网服务质量体系结构解决方案

设计了一套具有高性能的适合于移动数据网（超2．5G）和无线本地区域网（WLAN）组成的综合数据网的网络体系结构，提供基于预留端到端的QoS模型，使用带宽适应算法支持端到端的QOS，提高了系统资源的利用率，减少了呼叫拥塞概率和交接丢包概率，解决了2个系统QoS类不匹配等问题，平衡了2个系统的传输能力。     

3族新的不含紧优与几乎紧优的有向双环网络无限族

给出了3族新的不含紧优与几乎紧优的有向双环网络.