全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1169篇 |
免费 | 83篇 |
国内免费 | 167篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 572篇 |
晶体学 | 1篇 |
力学 | 86篇 |
综合类 | 1篇 |
数学 | 87篇 |
物理学 | 339篇 |
综合类 | 333篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 12篇 |
2023年 | 48篇 |
2022年 | 38篇 |
2021年 | 52篇 |
2020年 | 35篇 |
2019年 | 28篇 |
2018年 | 22篇 |
2017年 | 45篇 |
2016年 | 37篇 |
2015年 | 34篇 |
2014年 | 61篇 |
2013年 | 80篇 |
2012年 | 44篇 |
2011年 | 71篇 |
2010年 | 59篇 |
2009年 | 65篇 |
2008年 | 71篇 |
2007年 | 60篇 |
2006年 | 54篇 |
2005年 | 59篇 |
2004年 | 41篇 |
2003年 | 41篇 |
2002年 | 41篇 |
2001年 | 26篇 |
2000年 | 31篇 |
1999年 | 27篇 |
1998年 | 30篇 |
1997年 | 26篇 |
1996年 | 42篇 |
1995年 | 19篇 |
1994年 | 17篇 |
1993年 | 18篇 |
1992年 | 14篇 |
1991年 | 21篇 |
1990年 | 10篇 |
1989年 | 16篇 |
1988年 | 7篇 |
1987年 | 5篇 |
1986年 | 1篇 |
1985年 | 2篇 |
1984年 | 1篇 |
1982年 | 1篇 |
1981年 | 1篇 |
1979年 | 1篇 |
1978年 | 1篇 |
1971年 | 1篇 |
1970年 | 2篇 |
1967年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有1419条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
141.
Thorsten Pretsch 《Polymer Degradation and Stability》2010,95(12):2515-2524
A series of cyclic thermo-mechanical measurements was conducted on segregated poly(ester urethane) to study substantial changes in triple-shape properties as a result of hydrolytic aging (80 °C). Prior to the analysis of aging effects, a concept of triple-shape testing was elaborated, starting with the implementation of two distinct programming units. The first one included a deformation at 60 °C to ?m1 = 100% (temporary shape B) and its fixing through soft segment crystallization by cooling to −20 °C under constant strain. The second one consisted of a deformation at −20 °C to ?m2 = 200% (temporary shape A) and its stabilization through soft segment vitrification as achieved by cooling to −60 °C under fixed strain constraint. Then, gradual heating of the polymer from below to above its thermal transition temperatures gave two independent shape recovery responses in the reverse order of shape fixing: A → B through passing the glass transition by heating from −60 to 23 °C and B → C (back to the permanent shape), when heating the material from 23 to 60 °C and thus above its soft segment melting temperature. In a progressive approach, the storage of loading history through the sequential fixing of two temporary shapes was proven by the development of shape recovery stresses under constrained environment. With the implementation of the two testing methods several aging-related effects could be detected. Good shape fixing abilities ≥90% for both shapes were found and contrasted by significant changes in shape recoverabilities and stress storage capacities. Further insights derived from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements, indicating an aging-related growth in soft segment crystallinity, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), suggesting a plasticizer effect of water onto the polymer matrix and that aging favoured an increase in cross-linking density. 相似文献
142.
Sheikha S. Ashour 《Journal of Saudi Chemical Society》2010,14(1):47-53
Steam-activated carbons DS2 and DS5 were prepared by gasifying 600 °C-date pits carbonization products with steam at 950 °C to burn-off = 20 and 50%, respectively. The textural properties of these carbons were determined from the nitrogen adsorption at ?196 °C. The chemistry of the carbon surface was determined from the surface pH and from neutralization of the surface carbon–oxygen groups of basic and acidic type. The kinetic and equilibrium adsorption of MB and RY on DS2 and DS5 was determined at 27 and 37 °C and at initial sorption solution pH 3–7.DS2 and DS5 have expanded surface area, large total pore volume and contain both micro and mesoporosity. They have on their surface basic and acidic groups of different strength and functionality. This enhanced the sorption of the cationic dye (MB) and of the anionic dye (RY). The adsorption of MB and RY on DS2 and DS5 involves intraparticle diffusion and followed pseudo-second order kinetics. The adsorption isotherms were applicable to the Langmuir isotherm and high monolayer capacities for MB and RY dyes were evaluated indicating the high efficiencies of the carbons for dye adsorption. 相似文献
143.
Spectral broadening of the fluorescence of a Nd/Cr:YAG ceramic at the 1064 nm lasing wavelength was observed, and the amplification properties at a high temperature were investigated by considering cross-relaxation. These ceramics are promising for use as a solid-laser material pumped with solar or lamp light. It has been found that whenever the temperature of a laser medium is high and a spectral shift occurs, a high small-signal gain remains owing to the broad spectral band and the cross-relaxation. This optical property is remarkably different from that of a Nd:YAG laser. For a conventional Nd:YAG laser, the bandwidth at 1064 nm is 0.45 nm, and a reduction in small-signal gain occurs at a temperature of 373 K because the spectral peak shift is 0.005 nm/K. However, for the Nd/Cr:YAG ceramic, the bandwidths are 1.2 and 1.9 nm in the case of 0.1% Cr ion doping and 3% Cr ion doping, respectively, owing to the existence of excited Cr ions and the shortening of the effective Nd ion coherence time. It is prospected that the laser medium can be used at a high temperature of 600 K. 相似文献
144.
Il-Suk Kang Young-Su Kim Hyun-Sang Seo Chi Won Ahn Jun-Mo Yang Wook-Jung Hwang 《Current Applied Physics》2011,11(6):1319-1321
The effect of two-step hydrogenation, consisting of plasma hydrogenation and annealing in hydrogen, on the hysteresis phenomenon of metal-induced unilaterally crystallized silicon thin-film transistors (MIUC-Si TFTs) was investigated. The large hysteresis level of the conventional MIUC-Si TFTs caused a wide variation of the drain current with the previous gate voltage. As the plasma exposure time increased, the plasma hydrogenation commonly used for stability in poly-Si TFTs was found to increase the hysteresis level of MIUC-Si TFTs after a minimum point. This is because plasma-induced damages correlated with unique defects of MIUC-Si such as metal-related weak bonds, are accompanied by passivation. The following annealing repaired the damages. Consequently the hysteresis level was lower, which resulted in a narrower variation of the drain current. 相似文献
145.
Real-world magnetic resonance imaging of the brain is affected by intensity nonuniformity (INU) phenomena which makes it difficult to fully automate the segmentation process. This difficult task is accomplished in this work by using a new method with two original features: (1) each brain tissue class is locally modeled using a local linear region representative, which allows us to account for the INU in an implicit way and to more accurately position the region's boundaries; and (2) the region models are embedded in the level set framework, so that the spatial coherence of the segmentation can be controlled in a natural way. Our new method has been tested on the ground-truthed Internet Brain Segmentation Repository (IBSR) database and gave promising results, with Tanimoto indexes ranging from 0.61 to 0.79 for the classification of the white matter and from 0.72 to 0.84 for the gray matter. To our knowledge, this is the first time a region-based level set model has been used to perform the segmentation of real-world MRI brain scans with convincing results. 相似文献
146.
This study proposes an expectation–maximization (EM)-based curve evolution algorithm for segmentation of magnetic resonance brain images. In the proposed algorithm, the evolution curve is constrained not only by a shape-based statistical model but also by a hidden variable model from image observation. The hidden variable model herein is defined by the local voxel labeling, which is unknown and estimated by the expected likelihood function derived from the image data and prior anatomical knowledge. In the M-step, the shapes of the structures are estimated jointly by encoding the hidden variable model and the statistical prior model obtained from the training stage. In the E-step, the expected observation likelihood and the prior distribution of the hidden variables are estimated. In experiments, the proposed automatic segmentation algorithm is applied to multiple gray nuclei structures such as caudate, putamens and thalamus of three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging in volunteers and patients. As for the robustness and accuracy of the segmentation algorithm, the results of the proposed EM-joint shape-based algorithm outperformed those obtained using the statistical shape model-based techniques in the same framework and a current state-of-the-art region competition level set method. 相似文献
147.
Juan Enrique Martínez-Legaz Maxim Ivanov Todorov Carlos Armando Zetina 《Numerical Functional Analysis & Optimization》2014,35(7-9):1078-1094
In this article, we extend the definition of γ-active constraints for linear semi-infinite programming to a definition applicable to convex semi-infinite programming, by two approaches. The first approach entails the use of the subdifferentials of the convex constraints at a point, while the second approach is based on the linearization of the convex inequality system by means of the convex conjugates of the defining functions. By both these methods, we manage to extend the results on γ-active constraints from the linear case to the convex case. 相似文献
149.
150.
草酸镧热分解产物氧化镧直接水解得到反应活性高的氢氧化镧,用热重(TG)和差热分析(DTA)研究了氧化镧的活性,方法简单且不易引进其它杂质。 相似文献