中频采样系统中Dither电路的设计

Dither技术可减小ADC量化误差、相关采样及DNL引入的谐波失真,从而提高ADC的无杂散动态范围。本文设计了一种基于VCO的窄带大幅度Dither的发生电路,可广泛用于各种数字中频采样系统。通过在频谱分析仪中频采样系统的验证,本文所采用的方法可以有效地提高频谱分析仪的动态范围。     

数字电压表的VHDL程序设计与硬件实现

将FPGA与模数转换器TLV571相结合设计了数字电压表.用VHDL语言编程实现了模拟电压的测量、模数转换、计算与读取,用状态机完成了FPGA对TLV571的控制.将数字电压、模拟电压的BCD码与ROM地址、数据一一对应,用查找表的方式从相应的ROM地址中取出高4位和低4位BCD码,对二者进行BCD码加法运算即可获得模拟电压值.通过实验平台测试验证了数字电压表设计的正确性.     

Targeting Toxins toward Tumors

Many cancer diseases, e.g., prostate cancer and lung cancer, develop very slowly. Common chemotherapeutics like vincristine, vinblastine and taxol target cancer cells in their proliferating states. In slowly developing cancer diseases only a minor part of the malignant cells will be in a proliferative state, and consequently these drugs will exert a concomitant damage on rapidly proliferating benign tissue as well. A number of toxins possess an ability to kill cells in all states independently of whether they are benign or malignant. Such toxins can only be used as chemotherapeutics if they can be targeted selectively against the tumors. Examples of such toxins are mertansine, calicheamicins and thapsigargins, which all kill cells at low micromolar or nanomolar concentrations. Advanced prodrug concepts enabling targeting of these toxins to cancer tissue comprise antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT), gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT), lectin-directed enzyme-activated prodrug therapy (LEAPT), and antibody-drug conjugated therapy (ADC), which will be discussed in the present review. The review also includes recent examples of protease-targeting chimera (PROTAC) for knockdown of receptors essential for development of tumors. In addition, targeting of toxins relying on tumor-overexpressed enzymes with unique substrate specificity will be mentioned.     

Fluorescence Quenching in BODIPY Dyes: The Role of Intramolecular Interactions and Charge Transfer

The fluorescence properties of the BODIPY dye and its two meso‐substituted derivatives, tert‐butyl‐ and phenyl‐BODIPY , are rationalized. The non‐emissive behavior of the latter two are attributed to the energetically accessible low‐lying conical intersection between the ground state and the lowest excited singlet state. Both intramolecular non‐covalent interactions and excited state charge transfer character are identified as being crucial for ‘stabilizing’ the intersection and prompting the nonradiative decay. Similar crossing was located in the bare BODIPY dye, however, being energetically less accessible, which correlates well with the high fluorescence quantum yields of the parent dye.     

Spectral efficiency for IRS-assisted uplink mmWave massive MISO systems with low-resolution ADCs

In this paper, we investigate the uplink achievable spectral efficiency (SE) for an intelligent reflecting surface (IRS)-assisted millimeter wave (mmWave) multiple-input single-output (MISO) system, where all antennas at the BS are equipped with cheaper low-resolution analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and an IRS adjusts its reflecting phase shifts to facilitate information transfer. To maximize the uplink achievable SE, we design the phase shift of each reflecting element and obtained the optimal phase shift matrix in the terms of the statistical channel state information (CSI). An theoretical expression of the uplink achievable SE of massive MISO system is obtained with the zero forcing (ZF) detector is derived. Based on this derived theoretical result, the behaviors of the achievable SE with respect to several physical parameters are revealed that includes the number of antennas, the transmit power, the number of reflecting elements, and the quantization bits of the low-resolution ADCs. Finally, we provide the numerical results by Monte Carlo simulation to verify that our theoretical analysis is accurate. Results show that the achievable SE increases with the number of antennas, the number of quantization bits of the ADC and the reflecting elements of the IRS, but tends to a saturation rate. In addition, we find that the SE inevitably suffers a certain loss due to the phase shift noise is unavoidable and the quantization accuracy of IRS, which can be compensated by increasing the transmit power and the number of reflecting elements.     

Neuroprotective effect of agmatine in rats with transient cerebral ischemia using MR imaging and histopathologic evaluation

Purpose

This study aimed to further investigate the effects of agmatine on brain edema in the rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) injury using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) monitoring and biochemical and histopathologic evaluation.

Materials and methods

Following surgical induction of MCAO for 90 min, agmatine was injected 5 min after beginning of reperfusion and again once daily for the next 3 post-operative days. The events during ischemia and reperfusion were investigated by T2-weighted images (T2WI), serial diffusion-weighted images (DWI), calculated apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images (CE-T1WI) during 3 h–72 h in a 1.5 T Siemens MAGNETON Avanto Scanner. Lesion volumes were analyzed in a blinded and randomized manner. Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC), Nissl, and Evans Blue stainings were performed at the corresponding sections.

Results

Increased lesion volumes derived from T2WI, DWI, ADC, CE-T1WI, and TTC all were noted at 3 h and peaked at 24 h–48 h after MCAO injury. TTC-derived infarct volumes were not significantly different from the T2WI, DWI-, and CE-T1WI-derived lesion volumes at the last imaging time (72 h) point except for significantly smaller ADC lesions in the MCAO model (P < 0.05). Volumetric calculation based on TTC-derived infarct also correlated significantly stronger to volumetric calculation based on last imaging time point derived on T2WI, DWI or CE-T1WI than ADC (P < 0.05). At the last imaging time point, a significant increase in Evans Blue extravasation and a significant decrease in Nissl-positive cells numbers were noted in the vehicle-treated MCAO injured animals. The lesion volumes derived from T2WI, DWI, CE-T1WI, and Evans blue extravasation as well as the reduced numbers of Nissl-positive cells were all significantly attenuated in the agmatine-treated rats compared with the control ischemia rats (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Our results suggest that agmatine has neuroprotective effects against brain edema on a reperfusion model after transient cerebral ischemia.     

用于红外焦平面读出电路的增量/循环混合型模数转换器

为红外焦平面阵列读出电路设计了一个列并行的混合型模数转换器, 转换过程分为两级: 增量型转换器和循环型转换器, 兼顾精度和转换速度的要求。电路在0.35 μm XFAB工艺下设计, 模拟电源为5 V, 数字电源为3.3 V。此转换器可以转换0~3.2 V的电压, 输出数字信号为14 bit, 时钟频率5 MHz时转换周期为27.6 μs。     

流水线模数转换器系统功耗建模与优化方法

针对低功耗应用的需求,对流水线模数转换器(ADC)的系统功耗进行了研究与分析,深入探讨了余量放大器电流、级分辨率分配、热噪声限制、电容缩减系数以及前级采样保持电路等因素对系统功耗的影响.在分析基础上进行了功耗建模,导出系统总功耗.同时,提出采用混合搜索算法来同时优化流水线每一级的精度和单位电容值,实现了一个可以自动完成整个优化过程的CAD工具,应用该工具分别在不同优化条件下对10～15位流水线ADC进行了优化,并给出了14位,100MS.s-1 ADC的具体优化结果.     

FPGA-based amplitude and phase detection in DLLRF

The new generation particle accelerator requires a highly stable radio frequency (RF) system. The stability of the RF system is realized by the Low Level RF (LLRF) subsystem which controls the amplitude and phase of the RF signal. The detection of the RF signal's amplitude and phase is fundamental to LLRF controls. High-speed ADC (Analog to Digital Converter), DAC (Digital to Analog Converter) and FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) play very important roles in digital LLRF control systems. This paper describes the implementation of real-time amplitude and phase detection based of the FPGA with an analysis of the main factors that affect the detection accuracy such as jitter, algorithm's defects and non-linearity of devices, which is helpful for future work on high precision detection and control.     

弹载飞参高速测试系统关键技术分析与设计验证

针对某型制导炮弹发射与飞行过程中部分参数存在脉宽极窄的现象,弹载测试系统对采样率要求更高,而选用高采样率的模数转化器(ADC)存在设计成本高且难以满足实际所需的通道数量、采样率及采样精度等综合问题。基于低成本、小型化、可靠性高的原则,课题组提出了一种基于多ADC菊花链式设计的方法,解决了单ADC采样率局限的难题,高速数据流经过FPGA乒乓操作处理以减小缓存空间及速度的压力,实现了总体采样率成倍提高,设计了一种采样率高、采集精度高、通道多、体积小、成本低的弹载测试系统。该系统能够广泛适用于弹体空间狭小的环境,在不影响弹体自身装药量与打击效果的前提下,可靠地完成弹载试验测试任务。通过试验充分验证了该系统的功能有效性及测试准确性,具有一定的工程应用价值。