Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging of the normal breast

Purpose

The objective of this study was to evaluate diffusion anisotropy of the breast parenchyma and assess the range and repeatability of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) parameters in normal breast tissue.

Materials and Methods

The study was approved by our institutional review board and included 12 healthy females (median age, 36 years). Diffusion tensor imaging was performed at 1.5 T using a diffusion-weighted echo planar imaging sequence. Diffusion tensor imaging parameters including tensor eigenvalues (λ₁, λ₂, λ₃), fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were measured for anterior, central and posterior breast regions.

Results

Mean normal breast DTI measures were λ₁=2.51×10⁻³ mm²/s, λ₂=1.89×10⁻³ mm²/s, λ₃=1.39×10⁻³ mm²/s, ADC=1.95±0.24×10⁻³ mm²/s and FA=0.29±0.05 for b=600 s/mm². Significant regional differences were observed for both FA and ADC (P<.05), with higher ADC in the central breast and higher FA in the posterior breast. Comparison of DTI values calculated using b=0, 600 s/mm² vs. b=0, 1000 s/mm², showed significant differences in ADC (P<.001), but not FA. Repeatability assessment produced within-subject coefficient of variations of 4.5% for ADC and 11.4% for FA measures.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates anisotropy of water diffusion in normal breast tissue and establishes a normative range of breast FA values. Attention to the influence of breast region and b value on breast DTI measurements may be important for clinical interpretation and standardization of techniques.     

超高速数据采集系统设计与实现

以高分辨合成孔径雷达(SAR)成像为应用背景,论述了超高速数据采集系统的实现方法,着重分析了系统时钟的设计、模数混合信号完整性设计、电磁兼容性设计和基于CPC I技术的数据传输软件设计,实现了系统硬件并给出了实验测试结果.     

On the Low-Lying Electronically Excited States of Azobenzene Dimers: Transition Density Matrix Analysis

Azobenzene-containing molecules may associate with each other in systems such as self-assembled monolayers or micelles. The interaction between azobenzene units leads to a formation of exciton states in these molecular assemblies. Apart from local excitations of monomers, the electronic transitions to the exciton states may involve charge transfer excitations. Here, we perform quantum chemical calculations and apply transition density matrix analysis to quantify local and charge transfer contributions to the lowest electronic transitions in azobenzene dimers of various arrangements. We find that the transitions to the lowest exciton states of the considered dimers are dominated by local excitations, but charge transfer contributions become sizable for some of the lowest ππ* electronic transitions in stacked and slip-stacked dimers at short intermolecular distances. In addition, we assess different ways to partition the transition density matrix between fragments. In particular, we find that the inclusion of the atomic orbital overlap has a pronounced effect on quantifying charge transfer contributions if a large basis set is used.     

模数转换器ADS7862与DSP的接口设计

介绍了模数转换器ADS7862的性能、引脚和工作方式,并给出了它与数字信号处理器TMS320C32的接口设计方案.     

Predicting absorption spectra of silver-ligand complexes

The detailed structures of most of ligand-stabilized metal nanoclusters (NCs) remain unknown due to the absence of crystal structure data for them. In such a situation, quantum-chemical modeling is of particular interest. We compared the performance of different theoretical methods of geometry optimization and absorption spectra calculation for silver-thiolate complexes. We showed that the absorption spectra calculated with the ADC(2) method were consistent with the spectra obtained with CC2 method. Three DFT functionals (B3LYP, CAM-B3LYP, and M06-2X) failed to reproduce the CC2 absorption spectra of the silver-thiolate complexes.     

Dextramabs: A Novel Format of Antibody-Drug Conjugates Featuring a Multivalent Polysaccharide Scaffold

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are multicomponent biomolecules that have emerged as a powerful tool for targeted tumor therapy. Combining specific binding of an immunoglobulin with toxic properties of a payload, they however often suffer from poor hydrophilicity when loaded with a high amount of toxins. To address these issues simultaneously, we developed dextramabs, a novel class of hybrid antibody-drug conjugates. In these architectures, the therapeutic antibody trastuzumab is equipped with a multivalent dextran polysaccharide that enables efficient loading with a potent toxin in a controllable fashion. Our modular chemoenzymatic approach provides an access to synthetic dextramabs bearing monomethyl auristatin as releasable cytotoxic cargo. They possess high drug-to-antibody ratios, remarkable hydrophilicity, and high toxicity in vitro.     

基于 WSAR-ADC的降压型 DC-DC 控制器设计

设计了一种基于加窗逐次逼近寄存器（ WSAR）模拟数字转换器（ ADC）的降压型DC-DC控制器,这种WSAR-ADC适用于数字电源系统,通过对输入电压进行加窗处理,能有效地降低芯片的复杂度;并利用蚁群算法,对该DC-DC控制器的比例积分微分（PID）参数进行了整定,使得整个系统能够稳定工作。电路使用BCD（Bipolar/CMOS/DMOS）0．5μm工艺,输入电压3．3 V,输出电压1 V,设计最大负载电流2 A,纹波小于9 mV,开关频率500 kHz。经过验证,该降压型DC-DC控制器能满足数字电源的采样需求。     

AD7874在数字信号处理中的应用

在介绍AD7874技术的基础上,给出连接INTEL8086的接口电路及有关的程序设计。     

机载火控雷达效能评估系统设计

为了实现机载雷达在不同参数配置、任务场景下的效能评估,基于仿真设计了一种机载火控雷达效能评估系统。制定了评估系统的仿真运行流程,并基于传统ADC模型提出了一种机载火控雷达的模糊综合ADC效能评估模型。最后通过仿真实例验证了评估系统设计的合理性和可信性,证明其可以作为机载火控雷达预研论证、改造升级的重要研究平台。     

一种应用于60GHz毫米波无线传输系统的数模混合ADC设计

以60 GHz毫米波高速无线传输系统为背景,对无线信号历经的频率选择性衰落信道进行了深入分析,并对接收机结构进行研究。提出一种利用数模信号混合处理的低复杂度ADC结构。该结构利用数模混合均衡器来降低频率选择性衰落信道中接收机ADC的精度要求。通过引入一个高精度、高采样率的DAC为代价,在不改变接收机性能的情况下将ADC的采样精度降低2个比特。该ADC均衡器在误码率、收敛速度等性能上相比同精度的全数字均衡器有很大提高。进一步,对该结构进行优化。通过把补偿信号的高比特位的值转换到模拟域,将引入的DAC精度降低到2～3个比特,从而进一步降低了该结构的设计复杂度和功耗。