Holographic optical elements — State-of-the-art review: Part I

A state-of-the-art review on holographic optical elements (HOE) is presented in two parts. In Part I a conceptual overview and an assessment of the current status on the design of HOE have been included. It is pointed out that HOE development based on the use of squeezed light, speckle, non-linear recording, comparative studies between optics and communication approaches, are some of the promising directions for future research in this vital area of photonics.     

Polarographic behaviour of orotic acid (vitamin B13). Cathodic processes

The electroanalytical behaviour of orotic acid in cathodic processes has been studied in HClO₄, at several pH values in Britton-Robinson buffers, using DPP and CV techniques. Orotic acid undergoes three cathodic waves over the entire pH range considered. Optimum conditions for determination of orotic acid using the DPP technique are also studied.     

弯曲晶界对GH220合金疲劳性能的影响

二类不同热处理的GH220合金进行了疲劳试验。结果表明,等温处理的合金的疲劳性能高于标准处理的。详细讨论了这一差别的原因。     

Chemical approach to ill-conditioned calculation problems in spectrophotometry

Multiple-component determinations present difficulties which cannot be resolved mathematically when there is severe spectral overlap, as in the determination of rare-earth elements with chromogenic reagents. The interdependence of absorptivities is greatly decreased when absorbance data from procedures based on several chromogenic reagents are used together in the calculations of calibration factors and concentrations. Various features of the method are discussed.     

Numerical simulations of partial elements excitation for hemispherical high-intensity focused ultrasound phased transducer

The hemispherical phased transducer maximizes the coverage of the skull and the ultrasonic energy per unit area of the skull is minimized, thereby reducing the risk of skull burns, but the transducer has a small focal area adjustment range, increasing the focal length of treatment is an urgent question for this type of transducer. In this paper, a three-dimensional high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) transcranial propagation model is established based on the human head structure. The finite difference time domain (FDTD) is combined with the Westervelt acoustic wave nonlinear propagation equation and Penne's biological heat conduction equation for numerical simulation of the sound pressure field and temperature field. Forming a treatable focal area in a small-opening hemispherical transducer with a small amount of numerical simulation calculation focusing at a set position to determine the minimum partial excitation area ratio of focusing. And then, applying these preliminary results to a large-opening diameter hemispherical transducer and the temperature field formed by it or full excitation is studied. The results show that the focus area with the excitation area ratio of less than 22% moves forward to the transducer side when the excitation sound is formed. When the excitation area ratio is greater than or equal to 23%, it focuses at the set position. In the case of partial incentives, using 23% of the partial array, the adjustable range of the treatable focal area formed in the three-dimensional space is larger than that of the full excitation.     

藏东南尼洋河流域降水径流水量平衡问题

为了深入分析藏东南尼洋河流域水文特征及产汇流机理,对该流域降水径流水量平衡问题进行研究。基于尼洋河流域工布江达、巴河桥、更张等水文站日降水、流量等水文气象观测资料,对采用传统泰森多边形法计算的尼洋河流域面平均雨量小于径流量这一现象进行分析,提出降雨径流水量平衡问题;针对尼洋河流域地形地貌特征、降水空间分布规律和测站分布的实际情况,提出尼洋河流域面平均雨量分布式计算方法,并进行了实例计算。计算结果表明:目前对尼洋河流域降水空间分布特征缺乏正确认识;采用传统的泰森多边形法计算面平均雨量是导致出现水量不平衡问题的主要原因。指出尼洋河流域面平均雨量计算应考虑降水的垂直分布差异。     

国际地磁参考场的计算与软件实现

为提高磁测正常梯度改正精度、 完善磁力仪功能, 在研究国际地磁参考场的数学原理的基础上, 给出了用于编程的计算公式, 包括施密特准归一化的缔合勒让德函数及其一阶导数的递推公式以及地理坐标和磁场分量的坐标转换公式。通过编写基于Visual C++的C语言程序完成了地磁正常场的精确解算。研究结果表明, 该计算程序能对全球任意位置在IGRF 11（International Geomagnetic Reference Field）模型下的地磁场七要素进行计算, 与标准结果的对比显示, 其总场值计算精度约为±1.2 nT, 满足正常梯度改正的要求, 为磁力仪的自动配谐及上位机软件的研制提供了理论依据。     

一组非奇异H-矩阵的实用判据

运用不等式的放缩法给出了一组非奇异H-矩阵的实用判据,改进了已有的相关结果,并举例说明了所得结果的有效性。     

植物转座元件及其表观遗传调控?

植物的转座元件对于植物基因组的组成、进化和基因表达都具有重要影响.植物绝大部分的转座元件都处于沉默状态.植物机体通过一套识别转座元件并进行表观遗传沉默的有效机制,可逆地调控着转座元件的激活与沉默.本文综述了转座元件沉默和激活的表观遗传机制.