用CdSe/ZnS量子点提高体异质结有机太阳电池的效率

通过掺杂吸收光谱在可见光波段的量子点可提高聚合物对可见光的吸收,因此掺杂CdSe/ZnS核-壳结构量子点(CQDs)能提高聚(3-己基噻吩):[6,6]-苯基-C61-丁酸甲酯(P3HT:PCBM)体异质结太阳电池的能量转换效率.本文研究了CdSe/ZnS量子点在P3HT:PCBM中的不同掺杂比例及其表面配体对太阳电池光伏性能的影响,优化器件ITO(氧化铟锡)/PEDOT:PSS(聚(3,4-乙撑二氧噻吩:聚苯乙烯磺酸)/P3HT:PCBM:(CdSe/ZnS)/Al的能量转换效率达到了3.99%,与相同条件下没有掺杂量子点的参考器件ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PCBM/Al相比,其能量转换效率提高了45.1%.     

The effects of ultrasound frequency and power on the activation energy in Si-KOH reaction system

The activation energy is the minimum amount of energy required to initiate a reaction. It is one of the important indexes for appraising a reaction. The chemical reaction rate is closely related to the value of activation energy, and reducing activation energy is propitious to promoting a chemical reaction. In the present paper, the relationship between the activation energy in Si-KOH reaction system and the ultrasound frequency and power has been discussed for the first time. The range of ultrasound frequency and power is 40-100kHz （interval by 20kHz） and 10-50W （interval by 10W）, respectively. The experimental clata indicate that the activation energy decreases with the increasing ultrasound power. Comparing with the activation energy without ultrasound irradiation, the results in our paper indicate that ultrasound irradiation could reduce the activation energy in Si-KOH reaction system and increase the reaction rate.     

PbTiO3/SrTiO3(010)异质界面上的周期性失配位错及电子富集

It is important to determine the effects of misfit dislocations and other defects on the domain structure, ferroelectricity, conductivity, and other physical properties of ferroelectric thin films to understand their ferroelectric and piezoelectric behaviors. Much attention has been given to ferroelectric PbTiO₃/SrTiO₃ or PbZr_0.2Ti_0.8O₃/SrTiO₃ heterointerfaces, at which improper ferroelectricity, a spin-polarized two-dimensional electron gas, and other physical phenomena have been found. However, those heterointerfaces were all (001) planes, and there has been no experimental studies on the growth of (010) PbTiO₃/SrTiO₃ heterointerface due to the 6.4% misfit between two materials. In this study, we selected an atomically flat (010) PbTiO₃/SrTiO₃ heterointerface grown using a two-step hydrothermal method as the research subject, and this is the first experimental report on that interface. Interfacial dislocations can play a significant role in causing dramatic changes in the Curie temperature and polarization distribution near the dislocation cores, especially when the size of a ferroelectric thin film is scaled down to the nanoscale. The results of previous studies on the effects of interfacial dislocations on the physical properties of ferroelectric thin films have been contradictory. Thus, this issue needs to be explored more deeply in the future. This study used aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) to study the atomic structure of a (010) PbTiO₃/SrTiO₃ heterointerface and found periodic misfit dislocations with a Burgers vector of a[001]. The extra planes at the dislocation cores could relieve the misfit strain between the two materials in the [001] direction and thus allowed the growth of such an atomically sharp heterointerface. Moreover, monochromated electron energy-loss spectroscopy with an atomic scale spatial resolution and high energy resolution was used to explore the charge distribution near the periodic misfit dislocation cores. The fine structure of the Ti L edge was quantitatively analyzed by linearly fitting the experimental spectra recorded at various locations near and at the misfit dislocation cores with the Ti³⁺ and Ti⁴⁺ reference spectra. Therefore, the accurate valence change of Ti could be determined, which corresponded to the charge distribution. The probable existence of an aggregation of electrons was found near the a[001] dislocation cores, and the density of the electrons calculated from the valence change was 0.26 electrons per unit cell. Based on an analysis of the fine structure of the oxygen K edge, it could be argued that the electrons aggregating at the dislocation cores came from the oxygen vacancies in the interior regions of the PbTiO₃. This aggregation of electrons will probably increase the electron conductivity along the dislocation line. The physics of two-dimensional charge distributions at oxide interfaces have been intensively studied, however, little attention had been given to the one-dimensional charge distribution. Therefore, the results of this study can stimulate research interest in exploring the influence of the interfacial dislocations on the physics of ferroelectric heterointerfaces.     

纳通道的物质传输特性及应用

近年来,随着材料科学、微纳加工技术和微纳尺度物质传输理论的发展,纳通道技术得到了越来越多的研究和关注。纳通道包括生物纳通道和人工纳通道,其孔径通常为1~100 nm。在这一尺度下,通道表面与通道内物质之间的作用概率大大增强,使得纳通道表现出许多与宏观体系不同的物质传输特性,例如通道表面电荷与通道内离子之间的静电作用产生了离子选择性,通道内电化学势的不对称分布产生了离子整流特性,物质传输过程中占据通道产生了阻塞脉冲特性等。纳通道中的这些物质传输特性在传感、分离、能源等领域具有广泛应用,例如通过对纳通道进行功能化修饰可以实现门控离子传输;利用亚纳米尺度的通道可以实现单分子传感;利用通道与传输物质之间的相互作用可以实现离子、分子、纳米粒子的分离;利用纳通道的离子选择性可以在通道内实现电荷分离,将不同形式的能量（如光、热、压力、盐差等）高效转化为电能。纳通道技术是化学、材料科学、纳米技术等多学科的交叉集合,在解决生物、环境、能源等基本问题方面具有良好的前景。该文综述了近10年来与纳通道物质传输理论以及纳通道技术应用相关的前沿研究,梳理了纳通道技术的发展过程,并对其在各个领域的应用进行了总结与展望。     

准脆性材料抗压强度能量平衡尺寸效应模型

针对现有尺寸效应模型难以体现准脆性材料完整的抗压强度尺寸效应变化规律及其内在机理, 本文通过分析准脆性材料单轴压缩破坏过程中能量输入、储存、整体和局部能量耗散, 建立体现整体和局部损伤的力学模型及描述上述能量演化过程的双线性名义和真实应力应变曲线, 在此基础上确定了名义应力最大时输入能量、储存弹性能、整体和局部能量耗散的表达式, 最后基于能量平衡原理建立抗压强度尺寸效应模型. 抗压强度能量平衡尺寸效应模型能完整体现名义抗压强度尺寸效应, 即随试样尺寸增大, 名义抗压强度在试样尺寸小于等于局部损伤区尺寸时为真实强度, 然后逐渐减小, 最终当试样尺寸趋于无穷大时趋于弹性极限强度; 抗压强度能量平衡尺寸效应模型也能同时体现高径比和试样直径对名义强度的影响, 其包含的参数具有明确的物理意义, 可以反映真实强度、弹性极限强度、名义损伤模量非线性、局部损伤区大小和方向对准脆性材料名义抗压强度尺寸效应的影响; 通过把抗压强度能量平衡尺寸效应模型和现有尺寸效应模型应用于预测各种材料尺寸效应试验和数值模拟数据, 结果表明: 抗压强度能量平衡尺寸效应模型能很好描述试验和数值模拟尺寸效应的非线性变化规律及内在机理, 和现有尺寸效应模型相比, 其总体平均误差最小, 且小于5%.      

基于动态磁耦合的驰振能量收集器动力学分析

为了提高能量收集系统在低风速下的能量收集效率,将动态磁铁非线性引入到驰振能量收集系统中。在悬臂梁的末端和底座上分别安装一对磁极相斥的磁铁,其中安装在底座上的磁铁与弹簧相连,可随着磁斥力的变化而垂直移动。首先,根据能量法建立了磁耦合驰振能量收集系统的多场耦合振动控制方程。其次,通过Runge-Kutta数值计算方法比较分析了低风速下动态磁耦合驰振能量收集系统(DM-GEH)和固定磁耦合驰振能量收集系统(FM-GEH)的电压输出。DM-GEH系统的切入风速提前了81.82%,在1 m/s～5 m/s风速范围内能量收集效率提高了124.22%。最后,针对弹簧支撑刚度进行参数优化,提升了低风速下的能量收集效率。结果表明,通过改变磁铁支撑方式至弹性支撑将改变系统的振动频率并且降低切入风速,相较于弹簧刚度为1 000 N/m时,弹簧刚度为500 N/m时的系统的切入风速降低了54.55%,能量收集效率提高了15.35%。     

最大熵原理在钝感熔铸炸药配方设计中的应用

针对含HMX或RDX的熔铸炸药降低冲击感度、提高使用安全性的需要,以最大熵为评价准则提出了钝感熔铸炸药的配方设计方法,并以此方法获得了能量和安全性俱佳的钝感熔铸炸药配方.选取NQ/HMX/TNT-36.1/33.9/30.0和NQ/RDX/TNT-34.5/25.5/40.0配方制备熔铸装药试样并进行爆速和枪击感度测试,结果显示两试样分别相对Octol 70/30和Cyclotol 60/40爆速仅降低2%～4%,但枪击感度大幅度降低,说明两试样在能量损失较小的情况下安全性大幅度提高,使能量和安全性俱佳,证明了本配方设计方法的可行性.     

基于内在特征和能量约束的曲面网格投影算法

为了在生成六面体网格时将源曲面的网格有效投影到目标曲面,文中提出了一种基于内在特征和能量约束的曲面网格投影新算法.首先通过网格参数化方法将源网格和目标基准网格投影到平面上,然后利用网格内在特征表示方法和网格变形能量将平面上的源网格映射到目标基准网格上,并最终投影到目标曲面上获得目标网格.应用实例表明,该算法稳定可靠,可...     

无线传感器网络中基于时间分量的混合路由协议

在均匀分簇的基础上,分析了多簇群情况下单跳和多跳模型能量的有效性,给出了两种情况下计算最优簇首数目的算法.考虑到单一的路由模式会引起网络能耗不均衡,提出并改进了多簇群情况下利用时间分量的单跳和多跳相结合的混合模型.仿真结果表明,基于时间分量的混合通信模式在能量有效性和能耗均衡分配方面均优于单跳、多跳模式.     

胸导管结扎对胰淀肽沉积及胰岛激素和糖代谢的影响

采用腹部结扎大鼠胸导管,建立胰淋巴瘀滞动物模型,观察实验动物胰组织结构的变化和胰淀肽沉积情况,探讨胰淋巴瘀滞对胰岛激素和糖代谢的影响.30只10月龄SD大鼠随机分为实验组和对照组;造模后6个月取胰组织标本,经石蜡包埋和切片,常规HE和刚果红染色,冰冻切片胰淀肽免疫组织化学染色后光镜观察;在胸导管结扎前、后及实验动物处死前,分别取静脉血测血糖、胰岛素和C-肽.结果显示:1)实验组动物胰组织切片的HE和刚果红染色光镜观察显示,胰腺小叶和胰岛的组织间隙明显增宽,而且胰岛普遍表现为朱红色刚果红着色现象;2)胰淀肽免疫组织化学染色切片的光镜观察表明,在实验组动物的胰岛及其周围,普遍呈现胰淀肽免疫反应强阳性棕褐色着色反应;3)实验组大鼠术后血糖明显升高,血清胰岛素水平下降,与对照组相比差异显著,然而C-肽水平的变化不明显.胰组织结构的变化提示,结扎胸导管可导致胰淋巴引流障碍、胰腺内脂肪堆积、胰岛及其周围胰淀肽沉积、胰岛细胞功能受损、血中胰岛素浓度下降和血糖水平升高.