科学家首次拍摄到同时以波和粒子形式存在的光线照片

<正>据国外媒体报道,瑞士联邦理工学院的科学家首次拍摄到同时以波和粒子形式存在的光线照片,证明了爱因斯坦的理论,即光线这种电磁辐射同时表现出波和粒子的特性。"光线同时具有波粒二象性"是现代科学界最令人难以捉摸的观点之一。1905年,爱因斯坦率先描述光线的这种双重状态,试图依此解释光线表现出的一些明显矛盾的行为。但一直以来,科学家从未观察到光线同时以这两种状态存在。     

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今年是法国物理学家路易-德布罗意(1892—1987)提出实物粒子波粒二象性80周年．1923年年底，德布罗意吸取了法国物理学家布里渊关于环绕原子核运动的电子会在以太中激发出一种相位波和只有电子轨道适当时才能形成稳定的驻波的想法，去掉以太概念，直接把波动概念赋予电子本身，一个运动粒子相应一个正弦波，波长λ=h／p，P是粒子的动量，h是普朗克常量，这个式子后来称为德布     

近代对光的本性认识的三次飞跃

简要介绍了近代在光学发展史中,人类对光的本性认识所经历的三次飞跃及其深远意义.     

影响物理学发展的8个问题

本文论述影响物理学发展的8个问题：①在波粒二象性理论中，何处是“波有粒子性”的频率（波长）分界；②如何看Newton力学与相对论力学的分歧；③非相对论性量子波方程与相对论性量子波方程是否对立；④狭义相对论与量子力学究竟有无矛盾；⑤因果性是不是“自然科学家的底线”；⑥负速度是什么；⑦超前波、引力波是否存在；⑧基本物理常数会不会变化。本文认为对这些基本问题作梳理和澄清是很重要的．有助于找到物理学界再次陷入迷茫的原因。     

物质世界的量子图景

量子理论是20世纪最重要的科学理论之一,是人们从微观世界出发理解物质运动规律的当代科学基石。它导致了以激光、半导体和核能为代表的新技术革命,深刻地影响了人类的物质、精神生活。然而,量子理论的基础部分却存在诸多争议,以玻尔为代表的哥本哈根学派的量子力学"标准"诠释不断遭遇挑战。有关学术争论引申出的观念和思想,不仅促进了量子理论自身的发展,而且使量子力学走向交叉科学领域,如量子信息学等。当代量子理论的新发展大多     

普朗克常数在量子物理中的作用和地位

普朗克常数h在标志粒子性质的E和P同标志波动性质的γ和λ之间起桥梁作用,它们之间有着深刻的内在联系.     

Elementary analysis of interferometers for wave-particle duality test and the prospect of going beyond the complementarity principle

A distinct method to show a quantum object behaving both as wave and as particle is proposed and described in some detail. We make a systematic analysis using the elementary methodology of quantum mechanics upon Young＇s two-slit interferometer and the Mach-Zehnder two-arm interferometer with the focus placed on how to measure the interference pattern （wave nature） and the which-way information （particle nature） of quantum objects. We design several schemes to simultaneously acquire the which-way information for an individual quantum object and the high-contrast interference pattern for an ensemble of these quantum objects by placing two sets of measurement instruments that are well separated in space and whose perturbation of each other is negligibly small within the interferometer at the same time. Yet, improper arrangement and cooperation of these two sets of measurement instruments in the interferometer would lead to failure of simultaneous observation of wave and particle behaviors. The internal freedoms of quantum objects could be harnessed to probe both the which-way information and the interference pattern for the center-of-mass motion. That quantum objects can behave beyond the wave-particle duality and the complementarity principle would stimulate new conceptual examination and exploration of quantum theory at a deeper level.     

The duality of a single particle with an n-dimensional internal degree of freedom

The wave-particle duality of a single particle with an n-dimensional internal degree of freedom is re-examined theo- retically in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The famous duality relation D2 ＋ V2 〈 1 is always valid in this situation, where D is the distinguishability and V is the visibility. However, the sum of the particle information and the wave information, D2 V2, can be smaller than one for the input of a pure state if this initial pure state includes the internal degree of freedom of the particle, while the quantity D2~ V2 is always equal to one when the internal degree of freedom of the particle is excluded.     

光子结构的猜想及其数学仿真

通过研究光的波粒二象性,对光子结构进行了研究并提出了自建光子模型.自建光子模型具有以下特性:①光子与原子核存在引力作用;②光子的电场与磁场交替变换使其具备了相位效应,且光强由光子数与光子相位和两个因素决定.在此基础上,通过借鉴天体物理中关于二体运动的三种轨迹,利用其中结论对大量原子核的引力作用进行概率分析,使用中心极限定理提出出射角度基本符合高斯分布的假设.接着对光子的相位叠加效应进行了分析.最后,对大量光子进行模拟仿真,并将仿真结果与单缝衍射、双缝干涉、多缝干涉现象等实验现象进行了对比.