Malyngamide X: The First (7R)‐Lyngbic Acid that Connects to a New Tripeptide Backbone from the Thai Sea Hare Bursatella leachii

Malyngamide X ( 1 ), the first (7R)‐lyngbic acid connected to a new tripeptide backbone, was isolated from the Thai sea hare Bursatella leachii. The gross structure of 1 was established on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectroscopic data. Combination of the NMR spectroscopic experiments with α‐methoxy‐α‐(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetic acid esters, 2,2,2‐trifluoro‐1‐(9‐anthryl)ethanol chiral solvating agent, and molecular mechanics of 1 and the synthetic molecular fragments allowed us to determine the absolute stereochemistry of all six stereogenic centers without hydrolytic degradation of the compound. Compound 1 displayed moderate cytotoxic, antitubercular, and antimalarial properties.     

A 2500-year sea level change record in Fildes Peninsula, Antarctica

A detailed record of sea level changes during the last 2500 years is preserved in the northernwest coast of Fildes Peninsula in Antarctica. Fourteen marine alga layers were deposited in the beach with an altitude of 2.80 m, and one diatom layer deposited in the ancient lake on the terrace with an altitude of 6.84 m. A radiocarbon age of 695±70 aBP was obtained for the modern marine alga, and the age was used in correction for the carbon reservoir effect of the marine alga. Sea level fell 4.98 m from the 4th century B.C. to the early 13th century, at an average of -0.31 cm/a, then rose about 0.78 m during the early 13th to the middle 18th century, at an average of 0.14 cm/a. It has risen about 0.16 m since the middle 18th century, at an average of 0.07 cm/a.     

Ternary surface complexes by theE(%)-pH curve method

A new method for the study of ternary surface complexes at liquid-solid interface, theE(%) -pH curve method, was proposed. Four types ofE(%)-pH curves, namely, phenomenon of left-right shifts of S-shaped curve, V-shaped curve, monodirection shift curve and X-shaped curve, were discovered. Correspondingly, apart from type (I) ternary surface complex and type (II) ternary surface complex , a new type of ternary surface complex was discovered. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Fund of Doctoral Degree’s Spot.     

Gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric characterization of isomeric alkylthiophenes (C20) and their occurrence in deep sea sediments

Six isomeric C₂₀ alkylthiophenes were synthesized in order to prove the occurrence of such compounds in various deep sea sediments. As expected from the analogy with the corresponding saturated hydrocarbons, 2- and 3-heptadecylthiophene have considerably longer relative retention times than the isomeric isoprenoid compounds, i.e. 2- and 3-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)thiophene and 3- and 4-methyl-2-(3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl)thiophene. Covats retention indices for all compounds were determined by isothermal analysis at 190°C on two different silicone-coated capillary columns. The mass spectra of the monoalkylated thiophenes show a base peak at m/z 98 corresponding to a Mcafferty rearrangement product in the case of the 3-substituted isomers, whereas a simple benzylic cleavage dominates in the mass spectra of 2-alkylthiophenes. 4-Methyl-2-(3,7,11-trimethylodecy)thiophene is an exception from this simple rule because also shows the McLafferty rearrangement as dominant fragmentation. Two of the isoprenoid thiophenes are prominent compounds in various deep sea sediments.     

Sea water intrusion and salt water intrusion in the coastal area of Laizhou Bay

The characteristics, pattern, hydrodynamic and hydrochemical features, and the movement pattern of the salt waterfresh water interface of the sea water intrusion and the salt water intrusion, which occur in the coastal area of Laizhou Bay in Shandong Province, are analysed. The characteristics of the two kinds of intrusion are compared as well. A three-dimensional sea water intrusion model to describe the sea water intrusion with a transitional zone 1.5–6.0 km wide in the phreatic aquifer and a solute transport model describing the behavior of cations exchange in the process of sea water intrusion are established.     

Seawater—A test of multicomponent electrolyte solution theories. II. Enthalpy of mixing and dilution of the major sea salts

In a continuing effort to predict the physicochemical properties of seawater from the properties of single aqueous electrolyte solutions, the pairwise heats of mixing at constant molal ionic strength,I=1.0 ional, have been determined for the six possible pairs of salts from the set (NaCl, Na₂SO₄, MgCl₂, MgSO₄) at 30°C. In addition, heats of dilution for two aqueous solutions formed from these salts and havingI=1.0 ional have been determined at 30°C. In order to present the most thermodynamically consistent results, it was found necessary to apply a correction term to the relative apparent equivalent enthalpies given in the literature at 30°C. These correction terms derived from a consideration of published results on heats of dilution at very low concentrations. Further, in order to make predictions for seawater at 25°C, it was deemed desirable to refit existing heat-capacity data. The heats relative apparent equivalent enthalpies for the two mixtures mentioned as well as for seawater. The estimates are based on the theoretical equation of Reilly and Wood for charge-asymmetric mixtures which derives from the work of Friedman. In the most applicable cases, the estimates agree with experimental relative apparent equivalent enthalpies to within 5%. In general, the results substantiate the theoretical equation.Taken in part from the Ph.D. dissertation of W. H. Leung, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33149.     

Structural characterization of gentiobiosyl diglycerides fromBacillus pumilus associated with ascidiaHalocynthia aurantium

A mixture of 1(3),2-di-O-acyl-3(1)-O-β-gentiobiosylglycerols was isolated from a sea isolate ofBacillus pumilus. The components of the mixture were structurally characterized by mass spectrometry and¹H and¹³C NMR spectroscopy data for the native compounds and their derivatives. The predominant component contains two C₁₅ acyl groups, while the second component contains C₁₅ and C₁₇ fatty acids. Six minor components differ in residues of fatty acids and/or their combinations. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 1, pp. 166–170, January, 2000.     

单泵与储料罐组合的深海采矿输送设备

根据软管采矿系统对输送设备的要求,研究出由储料罐与高压水泵组合而成的新的输送设备,其原理为:首先采用高压水泵对海水加压,然后采用储料罐将矿石加入到高压水中,通过高压水将矿石从海底输送到海面.根据两相流理论和Bernoulli方程,建立了储料罐与高压水泵组合输送的水力输送设备的设计理论体系.对输送系统的参数进行计算分析可知,对于矿石体积分数为7%～12%的流体,1 000 m深海采矿中试输送系统的水泵扬程为100～150 m,3 000 m深海采矿输送系统的水泵扬程为400～450 m.由储料罐与高压水泵组合而成的矿石输送系统简单,避免了矿石颗粒与水泵直接磨损,适用于深海采矿软管输送系统.     

海冰强度对应变速率敏感性及其演化模式

海冰对应变速率变化较敏感,在不同应变速率范围内可表现出不同的力学行为和强度特性.如辽东湾海冰在低应变速率下(ε.<1.0×10-3s-1),表现为连续体特征,其变形行为符合流动定律;在高应变速率下(ε.>3.0×10-3s-1),表现为脆性体特征,强度特性可用断裂力学理论描述;在韧-脆转变的范围内(1.0×10-3s-1<ε.<3.0×10-3s-1),海冰强度达到最大值.因此在不同应变速率段,海冰强度具有不同的本构模型.用海冰演化模式对辽东湾海冰(T=268K,d=7.0mm)进行了数值计算,结果与实验值十分吻合,说明该演化模式是有效的.     

渤海连续冰层关键力学参数预报模式

为反映海冰的物理和力学特性，利用实验室获取水平方向加载冰样的单轴压缩强度、三点弯曲强度和侧限剪切强度与孔隙率间的统计关系，把海冰温度、盐度和密度对强度的效应统一起来，建立了预报模式。之后，依据渤海海冰多年调查资料和近期研究成果，将冰层内的温度、盐度和密度表示成气温、水温和冰厚的函数，获得冰层的孔隙率剖面，进而得到冰层力学参数剖面。在选取冰层平均强度时还考虑了渤海冰层底部骨架部分有厚度无强度的特点，实现了利用已知冰厚、气温和水温预报冰层水平方向强度分布的目标。