Amending cultures of selenium-resistant bacteria with dimethyl selenone

A possible biological intermediate in the reduction and methylation of selenium oxyanions, dimethyl selenone, was synthesized, and the first experiments involving the amendment of selenium resistant bacterial cultures with this compound are reported. The amount of volatile, reduced selenium-containing species released from these cultures into the headspace is significantly more than that produced in analogous experiments involving sodium selenate amended cultures. Dimethyl selenone is reduced in the presence of dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide in a complex growth medium, trypticase soy broth with 0.1% nitrate. This reduction occurs whether or not the reduced sulfur compounds are biologically produced.     

Increase in removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during bioremediation of crude oil-contaminated sandy soil

A 2³ full factorial experimental design was adopted to estimate the effects of three variables on the biodegradation of oil during soil bioremediation: bioaugmentation seeding a mixed culture, addition of fertilizer or mineral media, and correction of initial pH of the soil to 7.0. The tests were carried out in polyvinyl chloride reactors with 5.0 kg of crude oil-contaminated soil at 14 g/kg. After screening the variables, soil bioremediation tests were conduced with varied C:N ratios, yielding an increase in biodegradation of the oil heavy fraction from 24 to 65%, consumption of total n-paraffins, and a remarkable decrease in the concentration of residual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of the soil.     

Bench Scale Studies of the Soil Aeration Process for Bioremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons

An alternative to traditional hydrocarbon bioremediation is to pump air through unsaturated soils to create aerobic conditions and induce biodegradation. This study examines the effects of moisture and nutrient augmentation on biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in aerated soils. Findings indicate that forced aeration, coupled with additions of nutrients and moisture, stimulate hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms and present a feasible approach to bioremediation management.     

生物修复概述及国内外研究进展

重点从微生物与植物的角度阐述了生物修复的概念与类型，分析了微生物、植物在生物修复中所起的作用及近年来来国内外在生物修复研究方面所取得的进展，评价了生物修复特别是植物修复所具有的优势，也指出了生物修复的缺点与不足．     

含磷化合物生物矿化铀的形态转化与机理

磷元素作为微生物生存生长的必要元素,能有效与铀结合矿化成稳定的U-P沉淀或相应矿物。采用混合细菌介导法,添加含磷化合物处理铀污染地下水-沉积物,探究磷和土著菌相互作用下铀的形态变化及产物稳定性。结果表明：含磷化合物的添加使得溶液中铀去除率高达99.84%;改进连续提取实验得知,沉积物中磷作用后的铀稳定态比例约75%。根据X射线光电子能谱分析和改进连续提取实验结果,细菌可以有效地介导U-P沉淀,含磷化合物可以与六价铀络合形成稳定的沉淀物,结合X射线衍射表明在细菌作用下,磷与铀发生生物矿化可生成Ca-U-P沉淀,实现铀从可转移相到稳定相的转化与固定。     

Phylogenetic characterization of a mixed microbial community capable of degrading carbon tetrachloride

Two bacterial communities (NO92 and GBS) capable of degrading carbon tetrachloride (CT) were enriched from in-house CT-contaminated water. These communities are able to degrade CT in the presence of toluene. To characterize the community structure and diversity, one enrichment (NO92) was subjected to 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene-based molecular analysis. The 16S rRNA genes were amplified from the bulk genomic community DNA and cloned into plasmid vectors. Unique 16S rRNA gene clones, i.e., phylotypes, were detected by four tetrameric restriction enzymes. Together, 123 16S rRNA gene clones were obtained; thirty-one showed different restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns. About 73% of the clones belong to two dominant RFLP patterns. Phylogenetic analysis based on the partial 16S rRNA gene sequences of 10 major phylotypes showed that all the phylotypes that were sequenced were affiliated with the high G+C Gram-positive bacteria. Whereas seven of the phylotypes (∼80% of the clones) were closely related to Rhodococcus, the other three (∼5% of the clones) were related to Curtobacterium. These results suggest that this CT-degrading community is diverse but is predominated by closely related bacterial groups.     

Is Genetic Engineering a Route to Enhance Microalgae-Mediated Bioremediation of Heavy Metal-Containing Effluents?

Contamination of the biosphere by heavy metals has been rising, due to accelerated anthropogenic activities, and is nowadays, a matter of serious global concern. Removal of such inorganic pollutants from aquatic environments via biological processes has earned great popularity, for its cost-effectiveness and high efficiency, compared to conventional physicochemical methods. Among candidate organisms, microalgae offer several competitive advantages; phycoremediation has even been claimed as the next generation of wastewater treatment technologies. Furthermore, integration of microalgae-mediated wastewater treatment and bioenergy production adds favorably to the economic feasibility of the former process—with energy security coming along with environmental sustainability. However, poor biomass productivity under abiotic stress conditions has hindered the large-scale deployment of microalgae. Recent advances encompassing molecular tools for genome editing, together with the advent of multiomics technologies and computational approaches, have permitted the design of tailor-made microalgal cell factories, which encompass multiple beneficial traits, while circumventing those associated with the bioaccumulation of unfavorable chemicals. Previous studies unfolded several routes through which genetic engineering-mediated improvements appear feasible (encompassing sequestration/uptake capacity and specificity for heavy metals); they can be categorized as metal transportation, chelation, or biotransformation, with regulation of metal- and oxidative stress response, as well as cell surface engineering playing a crucial role therein. This review covers the state-of-the-art metal stress mitigation mechanisms prevalent in microalgae, and discusses putative and tested metabolic engineering approaches, aimed at further improvement of those biological processes. Finally, current research gaps and future prospects arising from use of transgenic microalgae for heavy metal phycoremediation are reviewed.     

海带对罗源湾养殖区海水的生物修复研究

研究了罗源湾海带栽培期间3-5月的水质状况,以及室内海带个体对养殖废水的净化作用.结果表明:大面积海带栽培可改善罗源湾的水质状况,降低无机氮磷含量.3-5月海带栽培区的总无机氮(DIN)的降低率分别达到25.48％、19.62％、44.65％,总无机磷(DIP)的降低率分别为20.17％、32.00％、38.72％.在7d实验期间,海带个体对养殖废水的净化效果明显,DIN的去除率可达98％以上.海带在养殖废水中能正常生长,保持一定的日增长率,鲜质量及叶片长有所增加.     

硫酸盐还原菌及其在工业和矿山废水治理中的应用

介绍了硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）的分类、代谢机理和生长影响因子，并就SRB在工业废水和酸性矿山废水（AMD）厌氧生物修复方面的研究进展进行了综述，最后提出这方面研究尚存在的问题。     

海水养殖对海域生态系统的影响及其生物修复

海水养殖业的迅速发展对海域生态系统产生了一系列的严重影响,本文综述了海水养殖带来的营养盐污染及沉积环境变化、药物使用污染、对天然生物的影响等问题.对于海水养殖造成的问题,有着多种治理方式,基于养殖生态系统的生物修复,是近年来新兴的安全有效的修复方法.本文介绍了微生物修复、大型海藻修复、贝-藻修复、人工湿地修复等生物修复方法及其研究进展.随着研究的不断深入,治理的方式也越来越多,但要想从根本上解决海水养殖带来的污染及影响,基于生态系统的海水养殖管理乃是实现海水养殖业可持续发展的关键.