The “SKATE” CO2 Gigawatt Laser for a Laser-Plasma Generator of Ions and Nuclei

A set-up of the CO₂ SKATE and its output characteristics are described. The system is based on a self-sustained gas discharge module with x-ray preionization that ensures reliability and stable repetition rate operation at 1 Hz for a long time. Measurement of the initial electron density in the discharge volume produced by an x-ray gun is presented for different gases and their mixtures, which is of independent interest for some applications of x-ray preionization. Data on measurements of the low-intensity signal gain and laser parameters for a free-running generator configuration are presented as well as long-term operation characteristics. This laser system has been used as a CO₂ generator with gigawatt peak intensity and high spatial–temporal characteristics. In particular, the laser can be used as a driver for a source of multicharged ions in contrast to the laboratory prototypes previously investigated.     

On the Theory of X-Ray Diffractional Laue Focusing on Two Bent Crystals

The Laue focusing of a spherical x-ray wave onto dynamical diffraction by a double-bent crystal system is studied. The geometrical equations of two-dimensional Laue focusing and the intensity distribution formula are derived. A high sensitivity of the two-dimensional Laue focusing to the crystal thickness and bending radii difference is revealed. It is shown that this sensitivity can be used to control the crystal thickness with accuracy up to 100 and bending radii up to 10^-2 m. The focusing process of the spherical wave inside crystals as well as in vacuum is investigated. The possibility of using the two-crystal Laue system as a lens for x-ray microscopy is studied. The spectral characteristics of a twice-diffracted wave are discussed. The spectral resolution is demonstrated to be 10⁶.     

星载分布式SAR干涉信号分析

星载分布式合成孔径雷达(SAR)具有双站和斜视的特点,本文分析了在这种情况下干涉信号的一些特征:(1)干涉信号相位与成像处理间的关系;(2)考虑地形情况下,干涉信号相位差及其相干性;(3)考虑配准误差时干涉信号相位差及其相干性。仿真分析了一系统干涉信号相干性随地形、基线及配准误差的变化。     

Structural and Optical Properties of ZnO Nanotips Grown on GaN Using Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition

ZnO nanotips are grown on epitaxial GaN/c-sapphire templates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies indicate that the epitaxial relationship between ZnO nanotips and the GaN layer is (0002)ZnO||(0002)GaN and (101̄0)ZnO||(101̄0)GaN. Temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) spectra have been measured. Sharp free exciton and donor-bound exciton peaks are observed at 4.4 K with photon energies of 3.380 eV, 3.369 eV, and 3.364 eV, confirming high optical quality of ZnO nanotips. Free exciton emission dominates at temperatures above 50 K. The thermal dissociation of these bound excitons forms free excitons and neutral donors. The thermal activation energies of the bound excitons at 3.369 eV and 3.364 eV are 11 meV and 16 meV, respectively. Temperature-dependent free A exciton peak emission is fitted to the Varshni’s equation to study the variation of energy bandgap versus temperature.     

Chemical Vapor Deposition of Silicon Carbide Epitaxial Films and Their Defect Characterization

A chemical vapor deposition (CVD) system was designed and fabricated in our laboratory and SiC homo-epitaxial layers were grown in the CVD process using silicon tetrachloride and propane precursors with hydrogen as a carrier gas. The temperature field was generated using numerical modeling. Gas flow rates, temperature field, and the gradients are found to influence the growth rates of the epitaxial layers. Growth rates were found to increase as the temperature increased at high carrier gas flow rate, while at lower carrier gas flow rate, growth rates were observed to decrease as the temperature increased. Based on the equilibrium model, “thermodynamically controlled growth” accounts for the growth rate reduction. The grown epitaxial layers were characterized using various techniques. Reduction in the threading screw dislocation (SD) density in the epilayers was observed. Suitable models were developed for explaining the reduction in the SD density as well as the conversion of basal plane dislocations (BPDs) into threading edge dislocations (TEDs).     

Vibrational entropy-driven dealloying of Mo(1 0 0) and W(1 0 0) surface alloys

The formation and stability of Cu, Ag and Au-induced c(2 × 2) alloys at the Mo(1 0 0) and W(1 0 0) surfaces have been investigated with low-energy electron microscopy and diffraction. The ordered alloys transform to disordered overlayer structures at elevated temperature. Comparison of the transformation temperatures with energetics obtained from first principles calculations reveals the vibrational entropic contribution to the system free energy that defines alloy thermal stability. Effective Debye temperatures for metal adatoms are determined that exhibit the expected mass and bond strength dependence.     

Morphological evidence for surface pre-melting on Si(1 1 1)

We present what we believe to be the first morphological evidence for the occurrence of surface pre-melting on the Si(1 1 1) surface. Our results complement the extensive previous evidence from diffraction and ion scattering techniques for the presence of pre-melted (liquid-like) layers on Si(1 1 1) below the bulk melting temperature and also suggest how atomic steps are involved in the initiation of such layers. Our results are based on atomic force microscopy studies of morphologies that are preserved when surfaces are annealed in a range of high temperatures and then rapidly cooled to room temperature for observation. A unique feature of the experiments is the use of specially prepared atomically flat or very low step density surfaces; this allows us to see how the liquid-like morphologies are associated with the steps and also allows the high temperature structures to survive the cooling process without being absorbed into the steps which normally would exist on a surface vicinal to (1 1 1). Quenched-in structures ascribed to pre-melting also act as sinks for diffusing ‘excess’ adatoms generated by the (1 × 1) to (7 × 7) transition and this leads to the formation of dendritic islands.     

A phenomenological explanation for the buckling of surface alloys

A phenomenological model, in which the interactions between the nearest-neighbor (NN) atoms are described as bondings but not hard sphere contacts, is proposed to explain the unexpected reduced buckling in surface alloy systems. In the model, the forces acting on an adsorbate atom from its NN substrate atoms in different layers may be either repulsive or attractive, depending on whether the bond between the adsorbate atom and its NN substrate atoms is compressed or stretched. It is found that the forces on the adsorbate atom from its NN substrate atoms in the sub-surface layer play a more important role for the buckling of surface alloy than those from its NN substrate atoms in the surface layer do. The bucklings expected by the model are significantly smaller than those predicted by the simple hard sphere model and are in good agreement with the experiments when the equilibrium bond length of the NN adsorbate-substrate atom pairs is taken as the sum of the corresponding metal radii.     

Atomic structure of the Si(5 5 12)-2 × 1 surface

Based on the results of scanning tunneling microscopy studies of the reconstructed Si(5 5 12)-2 × 1 surface, its atomic structure has been found. It turns out that Si(5 5 12)-2 × 1 consists of four one-dimensional structures: honeycomb (H) chain, π-bonded H′ (π) chain, dimer-adatom (D/A) row, and tetramer (T) row. Its period is composed of three subunits, i.e., (i) (3 3 7) unit with a D/A row [D(3 3 7)], (ii) (3 3 7) unit with a T row [T(3 3 7)], and (iii) (2 2 5) unit with both a D/A and a T row. Two kinds of adjacent subunits, T(3 3 7)/D(3 3 7) and D(3 3 7)/(2 2 5), are divided by H chains with 2× periodicity due to buckling, while one kind of adjacent subunits, T(3 3 7)/(2 2 5), is divided by a π chain with 1× periodicity. Two chain structures, H and π chains, commute with each other depending upon the external stresses perpendicular to the chain, which is the same for two row structures, D/A and T rows. It can be concluded that the wide and planar reconstruction of Si(5 5 12)-2 × 1 is originates from the stress balance among two commutable chains and two commutable rows.     

液滴平壁铺展过程中的滞后效应及力学机制研究

研究了液滴平壁铺展过程中的接触角滞后效应,从接触线附近流体的压力、速度以及能量分布等角度考虑滞后效应的成因和变化规律.在此基础之上分析了固体表面粗糙度对滞后效应的影响,并借助部分三维形貌参数(ISO 25178)建立了固体表面形貌与接触角滞后效应之间的量化关系.为了研究以上内容,应用数值仿真软件建立了液滴铺展动力学模型,并结合固体表面上的滞后性实验进行了相关验证.研究结果表明:由于表面粗糙度的存在,液滴铺展至平衡位置时,位于铺展前沿的液体分子被钉扎在固体表面的凹坑或低谷中,使得前沿接触角逐渐增大,后沿接触角逐渐减小,接触角发生滞后;驱动液滴铺展的Laplace压力和自身重力与阻碍液滴铺展的黏性阻力之间的平衡关系,是接触角发生滞后的主要力学机制.另外,实验结果表明接触角滞后效应与固体表面形貌密切相关,具有相同表面粗糙度(Sa)的固体表面,由于表面形貌不同接触角滞后效应可能存在明显的差异.