Adaptive optics in astronomy

Since Galileo’s first observations in 1609, telescopes have grown dramatically in size. Larger telescopes collect more light, allowing astronomers to detect fainter sources and to look further back in time towards the birth of the universe. The angular resolution of these telescopes, however, has been limited by turbulence in the earth’s atmosphere. This limitation can be dramatically reduced with the use of adaptive optics (AO) to measure and correct the blurring introduced by atmospheric turbulence. AO is now routinely used for science observations on the world’s largest telescopes and is providing a much more detailed view of our universe.     

斜光轴面内位移测量的数字散斑相关法研究

以工程环境中远距离位移和位移场的光学测量为研究课题,分析了远距离斜光轴成像时,像模糊和成像位置变化对白光数字散斑相关方法产生的影响,给出了这两种影响的误差理论计算公式。提出使用参考测量技术克服斜光轴成像位置变化带来影响,给出一种新的远距离斜光轴高精度测量面内位移的方法,在2～50m处作静载挠度测量,其最大相对误差小于1％,测量精度在实验室环境和工程测量环境中都得到了验证。该方法无需共轴光路的测量环境要求,特别适用于桥梁、高速公路立交桥的静载挠度测量等工程应用。使用高速图像采集卡,该方法可应用于斜光轴动态位移测量,拓展了数字散斑相关方法的应用范围。     

端面光斑对阶跃光纤中轴对称导模功率的影响

由波动方程的积分解导出了光纤中各轴对称传导模式传输功率的解析表达式, 该式包含了入射光对模式功率的影响, 同时也反映了不同阶次模式间的差别. 在此基础上, 以高斯光斑模拟光纤端面的实际光斑, 讨论了聚焦情况对各轴对称模式间功率分配情况的影响. 结果表明, 把工作频率和聚焦情况综合起来加以调整, 可达到压制某些模式而提升另一些模式的目的.     

基于标志点识别的自主车视觉导航

提出了一种基于室内标志点识别的单目视觉导航的方法。在地面上有规律地旋转一些标志点,采用辅助先验知识对标志点进行识别和分割,利用透视投影变换得到标志点与摄像机之间的相对距离,达到通过单目摄像机获得景物深度信息的目的。整个算法结构简单,易于实现,对由照明不均匀和地面反光所引起的各种干扰有较好地抑制作用。     

Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics for ELTs: constraints and limitations

We present how enlarging the size of a telescope from the current 10 meter telescope to the future 100 meter Extremely Large Telescopes increases the complexity of a classical or multiconjugate adaptive optics instrument. We point out elements or parameters of the system for which it is critical to propose new ideas as solutions and we study the effect of the increase of the diameter on the point spread function of an MCAO and a Ground Layer AO system. To cite this article: R. Ragazzoni et al., C. R. Physique 6 (2005).     

Broadening of Cr nanostructures in laser-focused atomic deposition

This paper presents the experimental progress of laser-focused Cr atomic deposition and the experimental condition.The result is an accurate array of lines with a periodicity of 212.8±0.2 nm and mean full-width at half maximum as approximately 95 nm.Surface growth in laser-focused Cr atomic deposition is modeled and studied by kinetic Monte Carlo simulation including two events:the one is that atom trajectories in laser standing wave are simulated with the semiclassical equations of motion to obtain the deposition position;the other is that adatom diffuses by considering two major diffusion processes,namely,terrace diffusion and step-edge descending.Comparing with experimental results(Anderson W R,Bradley C C,McClelland J J and Celotta R J 1999 Phys.Rev.A 59 2476),it finds that the simulated trend of dependence on feature width is in agreement with the power of standing wave,the other two simulated trends are the same in the initial stage.These results demonstrate that some surface diffusion processes play important role in feature width broadening.Numerical result also shows that high incoming beam flux of atoms deposited redounds to decrease the distance between adatoms which can diffuse to minimize the feature width and enhance the contrast.     

Dynamic reflection and refraction of neutrons

Optical phenomena that arise in the interaction of a neutron wave with matter characterized by a variable magnetic-induction vector are considered. Since the interaction is time-dependent, the neutron energy is not conserved. Only the neutron velocity component, which is orthogonal to the matter boundary, changes. The changes in the neutron energy and in direction of propagation are closely related to the reversal of the neutron-spin projection. Possibilities of application of the thin slab with rotating magnetization are considered.     

自适应光学系统随机并行梯度下降算法

随机并行梯度下降（SPGD）算法可以对系统性能指标直接优化来校正畸变波前。对基于SPGD算法的61单元自适应光学系统进行仿真模拟,分析了对不同初始静态畸变波前的校正能力,并比较了不同性能指标情况下的算法增益系数、扰动幅度值的选取及校正情况。仿真结果表明:算法收敛速度很大程度上依赖于增益系数和扰动幅度值,对畸变较大的波前,随机扰动幅度在0.50～0.85范围内,性能指标采用焦斑平均半径比采用斯特列尔比取得的校正效果好。     

基于目标在回路的三路光纤传输激光相干合成实验

实验验证了一种利用目标回光在远场实现相干合成的技术——目标在回路技术.建立了目标在回路相干合成的物理模型,利用可同时调整光程和光束倾斜的自适应光纤光源准直器,同时补偿合成光束间的平移和倾斜相差,实现了基于目标在回路的三路光纤传输激光间相干合成,获得了接近理想情况的合成效果.文章为在实际大气环境中实现多路相干组束的长距离传输提供了参考.     

A correlative classifiers approach based on particle filter and sample set for tracking occluded target

Target tracking is one of the most important issues in computer vision and has been applied in many fields of science, engineering and industry. Because of the occlusion during tracking, typical approaches with single classifier learn much of occluding background information which results in the decrease of tracking performance, and eventually lead to the failure of the tracking algorithm. This paper presents a new correlative classifiers approach to address the above problem. Our idea is to derive a group of correlative classifiers based on sample set method. Then we propose strategy to establish the classifiers and to query the suitable classifiers for the next frame tracking. In order to deal with nonlinear problem, particle filter is adopted and integrated with sample set method. For choosing the target from candidate particles, we define a similarity measurement between particles and sample set. The proposed sample set method includes the following steps. First, we cropped positive samples set around the target and negative samples set far away from the target. Second, we extracted average Haar-like feature from these samples and calculate their statistical characteristic which represents the target model. Third, we define the similarity measurement based on the statistical characteristic of these two sets to judge the similarity between candidate particles and target model. Finally, we choose the largest similarity score particle as the target in the new frame. A number of experiments show the robustness and efficiency of the proposed approach when compared with other state-of-the-art trackers.