归一化阴影植被指数NSVI的构建及其应用效果

以ALOS AVNIR-2、CBERS-02B CCD、HJ1A-CCD2、Landsat 7 ETM四幅中分辨率遥感影像为试验数据,分析明亮区植被、阴影区植被与水体区的光谱特征与差异,基于近红外波段与归一化植被指数NDVI,构建归一化阴影植被指数NSVI,并评价其光谱差异增强及分类效果.结果表明,NSVI大幅扩大了明亮区植被、阴影区植被、水体区间的光谱相对差异,降低光谱混淆概率;利用NSVI阈值法对四幅试验影像进行分类,总精度均大于97%,总Kappa在0.96以上,且阴影区植被的检测精度均在94%以上,总Kappa系数亦高于0.96.该指数利用地物在近红外波段的辐射差异,解决NDVI只能部分削弱地形影响的问题,扩大地物间的光谱差异,从而提升地物尤其是阴影检测的有效性,且不存在NDVI“易饱和”问题,可为遥感影像阴影去除提供一种新的解决方案.     

Spectral characteristics and species identification of rhododendrons using a discriminative restricted Boltzmann machine

Rhododendrons are an important genus of alpine flowering plant used ornamentally worldwide. The purpose of this study is to improve the application of remote-sensing technology for investigating and monitoring mountain rhododendron germplasm. Research area is the Baili Rhododendron National Forest Park located in the karst region of Guizhou Province, China. Field spectrometry was used to acquire spectral data for 20 samples extracted from eight rhododendron species. A deep-learning algorithm from a discriminative restricted Boltzmann machine was used with the original spectral data from the different rhododendron species to obtain the optimal parameters for the model. Simultaneously, the data processing methodology from the discriminative restricted Boltzmann machine was used to recognize the original spectra, the noise smoothed spectra, and the first- and second-order spectral derivatives with accuracies of 88.54%, 88.54%, 93.75%, and 90.62%, respectively. The results show that the discriminative restricted Boltzmann machine is effective in recognizing spectral information for different rhododendron species. Changes in the first-order derivative gave the most accurate classification, but changes in the second-order derivative significantly reduced the sample training time. Changes in both derivatives therefore proved useful in recognizing and extracting particular features of the plant species. This research may therefore further support the use of hyperspectral remote-sensing imagery for investigating and monitoring germplasm, species classification, and physiological parameter inversions for rhododendrons from various mountain regions of China.     

Characterization of Wastes from Olive and Sugarbeet Processing Industries and Effects of Their Application upon the Organic Fraction of Agricultural Soils

Abstract

The lipidic fraction compositions of both concentrated vinasses, a by-product of the sugar industry, and a compost made basically from olive oil vegetation waters (alpechin) were studied. The alpechin lipids are composed mainly by series of n-alkanes and lineal and branched fatty acids, whereas the major lipids in vinasses were n-alkanes, n-alkanols and acetals. Concentrations and composition of lipids in both materials do not seem of concern.

Preliminary results on the effects of the application of both materials over two years on the organic status of an agricultural soil are also reported. No significant changes were observed in total organic carbon and contents in humic fractions and lipids before and after the applications. However, analysis by GC-MS of the lipid compounds present in bound forms in the subsoil layer revealed that some hydrophobic components were accumulated in the soil following the waste applications.     

A STRUCTURALLY BASED ANALYTIC MODEL OF GROWTH AND BIOMASS DYNAMICS IN SINGLE SPECIES STANDS OF CONIFERS

A theoretically based analytic model of plant growth in single species conifer communities based on the species fully occupying a site and fully using the site resources is introduced. Model derivations result in a single equation simultaneously describes changes over both, different site conditions (or resources available), and over time for each variable for each species. Leaf area or biomass, or a related plant community measurement, such as site class, can be used as an indicator of available site resources. Relationships over time (years) are determined by the interaction between a stable foliage biomass in balance with site resources, and by the increase in the total heterotrophic biomass of the stand with increasing tree size. This structurally based, analytic model describes the relationships between plant growth and each species’ functional depth for foliage, its mature crown size, and stand dynamics, including the self‐thinning. Stand table data for seven conifer species are used for verification of the model. Results closely duplicate those data for each variable and species. Assumptions used provide a basis for interpreting variations within and between the species. Better understanding of the relationships between the MacArthur consumer resource model, the Chapman–Richards growth functions, the metabolic theory of ecology, and stand development resulted.     

江西大岗山植被主要类型及植物区系特征

大岗山位于江西省西部,罗霄山脉北端,属武功山的支脉。境内植物种类丰富,区系起源古老,且地理成分复杂,具有明显的中亚热带性质。本区植被主要类型有:Ⅰ常绿阔叶林。Ⅱ常绿、落叶阔叶混交林。Ⅲ针阔叶混交林。Ⅳ针叶林。Ⅴ竹林。Ⅵ山地苔藓矮林。Ⅶ山地草甸等。顶极植被为常绿     

西溪国家湿地公园5种人工植物群落 土壤动物群落的结构与多样性

2007年5月对西溪国家湿地公园5种人工植物群落中的土壤动物群落进行了调查.结果共获得土壤动物5 569只,分别隶属于4门10纲26目,其中优势类群为真螨目和弹尾目,两者共占总捕获量的65.42%,常见类群有单向蚓目、盲蛛目、毛马陆目、幺蚰目、等足目、双尾目、双翅目、鞘翅目、膜翅目,其余类群为稀有类群.不同植物群落间土壤动物密度存在极显著差异,而类群数差异不显著.土壤动物垂直分布异质性较大.MDS排序显示,梅、垂柳和柿群落之间表现出较好的相似性,早园竹和桑群落与另4个群落之间的相似性较差,土壤动物群落排序结果与环境中的草本覆盖率相关.DG指数比H′能更好地展现土壤动物多样性.     

INFLUENCE OF SOIL MOISTURE AND VEGETATION ON CLIMATE (Ⅰ)——THEORETICAL ANALYSIS TO PERSISTENCE OF SHORT-TERM CLIMATE ANOMALIES

Influence of soil moisture and vegetation on persistence of short-term climate anomalies isanalyzed theoretically through a heat and water balance model in coupled air-land system.It is shown that the soil hydrologic condition, rather than the soil thermal situation, is adominant factor in maintenance of climatic anomalies. The persistence of climate anomaliesis dependent largely on the capacity of water and heat exchange on the land surface. The cli-mate anomalies would persist longer for less soil moisture or vegetation cover. Furthermore,compared with humid areas, the climate anomalies persist longer in an arid climate envi-ronment.     

Dynamics of Phloridzin and Related Compounds in Four Cultivars of Apple Trees during the Vegetation Period

Apple trees (Malus domestica Borgh) are a rich source of dihydrochalcones, phenolic acids and flavonoids. Considering the increasing demand for these phytochemicals with health-benefitting properties, the objective of this study was to evaluate the profile of the main bioactive compounds—phloridzin, phloretin, chlorogenic acid and rutin—in apple tree bark, leaves, flower buds and twigs. The variety in the phenolic profiles of four apple tree cultivars was monitored during the vegetation period from March to September using chromatography analysis. Phloridzin, the major glycoside of interest, reached the highest values in the bark of all the tested cultivars in May (up to 91.7 ± 4.4 mg g⁻¹ of the dried weight (DW), cv. ‘Opal’). In the leaves, the highest levels of phloridzin were found in cv. ‘Opal’ in May (82.5 ± 22.0 mg g⁻¹ of DW); in twigs, the highest levels were found in cv. ‘Rozela’ in September (52.4 ± 12.1 mg g⁻¹ of DW). In the flower buds, the content of phloridzin was similar to that in the twigs. Aglycone phloretin was found only in the leaves in relatively low concentrations (max. value 2.8 ± 1.4 mg g⁻¹ of DW). The highest values of rutin were found in the leaves of all the tested cultivars (10.5 ± 2.9 mg g⁻¹ of DW, cv. ‘Opal’ in September); the concentrations in the bark and twigs were much lower. The highest content of chlorogenic acid was found in flower buds (3.3 ± 1.0 mg g⁻¹ of DW, cv. ‘Rozela’). Whole apple fruits harvested in September were rich in chlorogenic acid and phloridzin. The statistical evaluation by Scheffe’s test confirmed the significant difference of cv. ‘Rozela’ from the other tested cultivars. In conclusion, apple tree bark, twigs, and leaves were found to be important renewable resources of bioactive phenolics, especially phloridzin and rutin. The simple availability of waste plant material can therefore be used as a rich source of phenolic compounds for cosmetics, nutraceuticals, and food supplement preparation.     

Microwave permittivity of leaf using an Ag thick-film microstrip resonator

The X-band microwave dielectric constant, dielectric loss and the conductivity of the leaves of four different plants were measured from even and odd mode resonance characteristics of an Ag thick-film microstrip straight resonator, due to the perturbation caused by leafy vegetation as an overlay. Using the changes in the frequency response, the moisture-dependent X-band microwave properties of the leaves of Ficus Bengalensis, Ficus Religiosa, Acalypha Wilkensiana, and Acalypha Hispidia have been calculated. The permittivity obtained depends on the position of the overlay and moisture content. A partial overlay method might be a low-cost alternative for dielectric characterisation of biomaterials since a very small size of leaf is needed.     

基于MODIS数据的山西省PM2.5浓度估算研究

通过ENVI软件对美国国家航空航天局（NASA）发布的MODIS L1B数据进行几何校正、波段合成、重采样、构建查找表等操作,反演了山西省2020年3—8月气溶胶光学厚度（aerosol optical depth,AOD）,用大气气溶胶产品MOD04_3K验证AOD的反演精度,对反演结果中的高度进行订正,分析了山西省AOD时空分布特征,在此基础上建立了AOD与PM_2.5浓度的回归模型,并通过模型验证估算误差。结果表明：（1）MODIS L1B反演结果具有较高的精度,与大气气溶胶产品MOD04_3K数据的相关系数为0.934。（2）在时间分布上,AOD存在明显的季节性差异,夏季AOD均值远高于春季;在空间分布上,AOD呈现由北向南逐渐增加的趋势,高值主要出现在山西省南部的临汾市和运城市。（3）整体、春季、夏季3类回归模型的平均相对误差分别为25.91%,27.62%,23.87%,表明模型的拟合效果较好,可较为准确地估算PM_2.5浓度。