胶黏剂中的化学*——2020年美国国家化学周活动介绍及启示

重点介绍2020年美国国家化学周——“胶黏剂中的化学”实验活动,对科学阅读和采访未来科学家活动作简要介绍。以此得出本次化学周活动对我国化学教学的几点启示:(1)大概念视角,加深结构化认识;(2)扎根实践,提高应用意识;(3)鼓励探析,深化本质意识;(4)跨界科学,渗透STSE理念;(5)精选主题,凸显微型项目;(6)勤研善思,塑造优秀品格。     

基于超声导波的水下管道缺陷检测

文中介绍一套可拆式传感器系统设计与制作,利用超声导波原理对水下管道的腐蚀进行检测,基于厚度剪切模式的压电陶瓷和可拆式固定装置组成,可拆式传感器系统包括传感器PZT特别设计,并且可以把传感器装置夹在要检测的管道上。当对水下设备的管道进行了一系列的测试,结果表明传感器系统能够有效地激发和接收T（0,1）模式的超声导波,由于T（0,1）模式超声导波能够在水下管道上长距离传播,因此适用于缺陷检测。人为缺口的回波信号与缺口的尺寸以及位置具有良好的相关性。研究表明这一可拆式传感器系统能够利用导波有效地对水下管道进行检测。     

隔热板的太赫兹无损检测

为了研究太赫兹无损检测技术对复合材料与金属板黏合面粘接质量的检测能力,在隔热板上制造了不同特征的人工缺陷,并使用德国SynViewScan 300连续太赫兹波成像系统对样件进行了检测。结果表明,太赫兹波能够穿透复合材料,并获得复合材料与金属板的黏合面处的2维太赫兹图像,从图像中能够清晰地分辨出不同特征的缺陷。该研究结果为检测复合材料黏合质量及脱黏状况提供了有效的办法。     

介质滤波器银层厚度与附着力对耐焊接热影响

通过化学方法制作无损伤坯体和银层的测量台阶,采用油墨制作测量台阶的图案,通过测高仪精确测量出银层厚度。将不同银层厚度的介质滤波器做耐焊接热可靠性试验,得到多孔介质滤波器最合适的银层厚度区间。结果表明,多孔介质滤波器烧银温度在820℃时,银层附着力达到最大点;采用化学法制作的测量台阶,通过接触法测量误差最小;多孔介质滤波器银层厚度≥0.015mm,能满足耐焊接热的可靠性要求。     

有限元法分析1-3型压电复合材料换能器

1-3型压电复合材料圆柱型换能器由薄片状1-3型压电复合材料沿金属薄壁圆管周期排列粘贴而成。根据换能器实际结构和1-3型压电复合材料等效参数模型,利用有限元法在ANSYS中分别建立了两种仿真模型。为验证等效参数模型的可靠性,实验通过改变模型结构尺寸,使换能器内半径从20mm变化到50mm,每5mm作为一个数据点进行建模。仿真计算相同结构尺寸下两种模型的径向振动频率,比较显示两种模型仿真结果接近,平均相对误差仅2.3%。因此,可利用模型II代替模型I对1-3型压电复合材料圆柱型换能器进行仿真分析,从而简化建模和计算。在此基础上,利用模型II分别模拟了该种换能器在空气和水中径向振动频率附近的导纳、发射电压响应和接收电压灵敏度等性能。     

一种水下图像增强算法的实现和仿真

〗由于水下环境的特殊性和复杂性,使得水下图像的质量差、图像对比度低。文中给出了一种基于空间域的图像增强方法,该算法利用均值算法估计水下图像背景,从原水下图像衰减背景图像,再对衰减背景之后的图像进行改进的图像锐化处理。通过对算法仿真结果的分析可知,处理后的图像整体对比度明显提升,同时使得目标的边缘更加清晰。     

Cohesively Enhanced Conductivity and Adhesion of Flexible Silver Nanowire Networks by Biocompatible Polymer Sol–Gel Transition

Silver nanowire (AgNW) networks are a promising candidate to replace indium tin oxide (ITO) as transparent conductors. In this paper, a novel transparent composite conductor composed of AgNW/biocompatible alginate gel on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate, with synchronously enhanced adhesion and reduced resistivity, is prepared without high‐temperature annealing. The sheet resistance of the flexible AgNW/PET film reduces from 300 to 50.3 Ohm sq^?1 at transmittance of 94%. The optical and electrical performance is superior to that obtained from the flexible ITO film on PET. Meanwhile, the sheet resistance does not show great change after tape test, suggesting a good adhesion of AgNW to the polymer substrate. Moreover, the AgNW composite film shows a good stability to resist long‐term storage, solvent damage, and ultrasonication. Finally, polymer solar cells employing the composite AgNW film as the electrode are realized, displaying an efficiency of 2.44%.     

Various ways to strengthen the fiber‐matrix interface for enhanced composite performance

Surface treatment (ST) of carbon fibers (CF) leads to an enhancement in fiber‐matrix adhesion. However, it deteriorates the strength of a fiber which makes its reinforcing action less effective in a composite. These effects in opposite directions control the net strength of a composite, and hence, the treatment has to be judiciously applied, which would enhance the first factor and minimize the second one. Authors have recently reported on four effective techniques (using various doses) such as treatments with nanoparticles of Ytterbium fluoride (YbF₃)_, cold remote nitrogen–oxygen plasma (CRNOP), γ‐ray irradiation and nitric acid oxidation. Amongst these methods, nitric acid oxidation is studied in depth in the literature, and γ‐ray irradiation is sparingly studied. However, nano‐YbF₃ and CRNOP were first time reported in the literature by the authors. However, comparative aspects of all these methods were not addressed. In this paper, these aspects in details are discussed to lay down the right criteria for selection of a ST technique of CF to design the desired performance of a composite. The composites with polyetherimide and treated CF (including untreated) were developed and evaluated for various properties including tribological one. Treated CF based composites exhibited excellent mechanical and tribological properties (under harsh operative conditions with wear rates ≈ 1 × 10^?15 m³/Nm and μ ≈ 0.09). It was concluded that for strength and tribo‐performance, different treatments and doses are to be employed. Overall nanosized‐YbF₃ treatment of CF proved to be the most promising ST method. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种改进的AUVs变结构滑模控制策略研究

针对现有的变结构滑模控制切换面单一性会导致系统状态在原点处收敛缓慢的缺陷,对自主式水下机器人(AUVs)变结构滑模控制设计了折线型的切换面,并且进一步改进实现了速度控制和定点定速控制。改进的切换面由斜率不同的自线段构成,并在拐点处通过S型函数光滑过渡。将切换面的斜率减小到0时,则可以实现速度控制,同时为了消除速度控制的稳态误差,引进了采用能智积分方法的积分项。最后在某AUV上进行仿真实验,结果证实了应用折线型切换面可以减少控制系统的上升时间,提高反应速度;速度控制的稳态误差接近0,并很好地实现定点定速的控制效果。该方法可以有效用于AUVs的控制。