The effects of coil–stretch transition behavior of polyfluorene inks on single droplet formation during inkjet printing

For drop-on-demand (DOD) inkjet printing, stable and single ink droplet formation without satellite dots is the key to improve the print quality. The formation of stable and single droplet is influenced by filament break up and the polymer chain’s coil–stretch transition behavior. In this paper, the droplet formation behaviors of polyfluorene (PFO) ink at various driving voltages (V), polymer chain’s coil–stretch transition mechanism and its effects on single ink droplet formation are investigated. It indicates that when 58 < V ≤ 63 V, a single and stable droplet is formed with a pulse time of 38.5 μs. At this stage, the Weissenberg number (Wi) < 0.5, the PFO molecular chain is coiled to guarantee stable and single droplets. When V > 63 V, Wi > 0.5, the PFO molecular chain is stretched because of the high hydrodynamic forces, resulting unwanted satellite droplets. When 55 < V ≤ 58 V, the droplet shrinks into the nozzle, which indicates that the kinetic energy supplied by the deformation of the piezoelectric transducer isn't enough to force the droplet to be jetted from the nozzle.     

Dynamic and reversible electrowetting with low voltage on the dimethicone infused carbon nanotube array in air

Unremitting efforts have been intensively making for pursuing the goal of the reversible transition of electrowetting owing to its vital importance to many practical applications, but which remains a major challenge for carbon nanotubes due to the irreversible electrochemical damage. Herein, we proposed a subtly method to prevent the CNT array from electrochemical damage by using liquid medium instead of air medium to form a liquid/liquid/solid triphase system. The dimethicone dynamically refills in CNT arrays after removing of voltage that makes the surface back to hydrophobic, which is an elegant way to not only decrease energy dissipation in electrowetting process but also obtain extra energy in reversible dewetting process. Repeated cycles of in situ experiments showed that more than four reversible electrowetting cycles could be achieved in air. It worth mention that the in situ reversible electrowetting voltage of the dimethicone infused CNT array has been lowered to 2 V from 7 V which is the electrowetting voltage for the pure CNT array. The surface of the dimethicone infused CNT array can maintain hydrophobicity with a contact angle of 145.6° after four cycles, compared with 148.1° of the initial state. Moreover, a novel perspective of theoretical simulations through the binding energy has been provided which proved that the charged CNTs preferred binding with water molecules thereby replacing the dimethicone molecules adsorbed on the CNTs, whereas reconnected with dimethicone after removing the charges. Our study provides distinct insight into dynamic reversible electrowetting on the nanostructured surface in air and supplies a way for precise control of wettability in surface chemistry, smart phase-change heat transfer enhancement, liquid lenses, microfluidics, and other chemical engineering applications.     

Enabling High‐Voltage Lithium Metal Batteries by Manipulating Solvation Structure in Ester Electrolyte

Lithium metal is an ideal electrode material for future rechargeable lithium metal batteries. However, the widespread deployment of metallic lithium anode is significantly hindered by its dendritic growth and low Coulombic efficiency, especially in ester solvents. Herein, by rationally manipulating the electrolyte solvation structure with a high donor number solvent, enhancement of the solubility of lithium nitrate in an ester‐based electrolyte is successfully demonstrated, which enables high‐voltage lithium metal batteries. Remarkably, the electrolyte with a high concentration of LiNO₃ additive presents an excellent Coulombic efficiency up to 98.8 % during stable galvanostatic lithium plating/stripping cycles. A full‐cell lithium metal battery with a lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide cathode exhibits a stable cycling performance showing limited capacity decay. This approach provides an effective electrolyte manipulation strategy to develop high‐voltage lithium metal batteries.     

Photo‐excited Oxygen Reduction and Oxygen Evolution Reactions Enable a High‐Performance Zn–Air Battery

The storage of solar energy in battery systems is pivotal for a sustainable society, which faces many challenges. Herein, a Zn–air battery is constructed with two cathodes of poly(1,4‐di(2‐thienyl))benzene (PDTB) and TiO₂ grown on carbon papers to sandwich a Zn anode. The PDTB cathode is illuminated in a discharging process, in which photoelectrons are excited into the conduction band of PDTB to promote oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and raise the output voltage. In a reverse process, holes in the valence band of the illuminated TiO₂ cathode are driven for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) by an applied voltage. A record‐high discharge voltage of 1.90 V and an unprecedented low charge voltage of 0.59 V are achieved in the photo‐involved Zn–air battery, regardless of the equilibrium voltage. This work offers an innovative pathway for photo‐energy utilization in rechargeable batteries.     

NESTED GRID METHODS FOR AN OCEAN MODEL: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

In this paper a comparison is carried out between three correction methods for multigrid local mesh refinement in oceanic applications: FIC, LDC and the direct method (DM) proposed by Spall and Holland. This study is based on a nested primitive equation model developed by Laugier on the basis of the code OPA (LODYC). The external barotropic problem is solved using any of the three local grid correction algorithms yielding an interactive nested grid model. The non-linear elliptic equation for the barotropic streamfunction tendency is solved on two nested grids, called the global and the zoom grid, that interact between themselves. The zoom grid is entirely embedded within the global domain with a horizontal grid step ratio of 3:1. The computation on the global grid supplies the boundary conditions for the zoom grid region and the fine grid fields are used to correct the global coarse solution. The three local correction methods are tested on two problems relevant to oceanic circulation phenomena proposed by Spall and Holland: a barotropic modon and an anticyclonic vortex. The results show that the nesting technique is a very efficient way to solve these problems in terms of a gain in precision compared with the required CPU time. The two-domain model with local mesh refinement allows one both to manage effectively the open boundary conditions for the local grid and to correct the global solution thanks to the zoom solution. In the case of the modon propagation the three local correction methods provide approximately the same results. For the baroclinic vortex it appears that the two iterative methods are more efficient than the direct one.     

AN ADAPTIVE UNSTRUCTURED TRI-TREE ITERATIVE SOLVER FOR MIXED FINITE ELEMENT FORMULATION OF THE STOKES EQUATIONS

An iterative adaptive equation solver for solving the implicit Stokes equations simultaneously with tri-tree grid generation is developed. The tri-tree grid generator builds a hierarchical grid structure which is mapped to a finite element grid at each hierarchical level. For each hierarchical finite element grid the Stokes equations are solved. The approximate solution at each level is projected onto the next finer grid and used as a start vector for the iterative equation solver at the finer level. When the finest grid is reached, the equation solver is iterated until a tolerated solution is reached. In order to reduce the overall work, the element matrices are integrated analytically beforehand. The efficiency and behaviour of the present adaptive method are compared with those of the previously developed iterative equation solver which is preconditioned by incomplete LU factorization with coupled node fill-in. The efficiency of the incomplete coupled node fill-in preconditioner is shown to be largely dependent on the global node numbering. The preconditioner is therefore tested for the natural node ordering of the tri-tree grid generator and for different ways of sorting the nodes.     

压控器件的磁隔离驱动电路设计

根据压控器件的特点,设计出了适用于任意占空比的磁隔离驱动电路。通过仿真,进一步得到最优化的实际驱动电路,最后给出了实验波形。     

一类非平衡Feistel网络的线性偏差分析

M.Matsui 1993年就指出线性密码分析是分组密码设计最重要的安全性能指标之一,所以有必要估计分组密码抵抗线性密码分析的能力.M.Kanda等人1999年讨论了传统Feistel密码的线性偏差,K.Nyberg和张如文等人对一类特殊的非平衡Feistel网络的线性偏差进行了研究.本文对一类m分组非平衡Feistel网络的线性偏差关系进行了深入的研究和分析,给出了任意轮线性偏差与轮函数F的线性偏差的数学关系,对其线性偏差的上界进行了讨论,并证明了有关线性偏差关于密钥的平方均值的两个特性.本文的研究推广了K.Nyberg和张如文等人的结论.     

无中心式调度框架下网格作业的节点选择优化

为优化无中心式调度框架下网格作业的节点选择,提出了随机多起点爬山算法.为使多个起点均匀分布于网格,按随机选择邻居的重复次数的指数增长找出各起点.为反映合理的用户调度需求,用平均的并行计算能力加权的有界减慢率衡量节点选择.灵活调整网格工作负荷,对随机多起点爬山算法进行了全面评估.在网格负载不是很轻情况下,该算法能有效地在网格全局优化节点选择.     

非平衡Feistel网络的线性可证明安全性的进一步分析

线性密码分析已成为分组密码最主要的密码分析方法之一.基于此,本文深入研究了一类非平衡Feistel网络的线性可证明安全性.设LP为该非平衡Feistel网络的轮函数F的线性偏差的最大值,本文从非平衡Feistel网络的线性偏差的结构形式入手,在轮子密钥是相互独立且均匀分布的假设下,证明了当轮数不少于m轮时,该非平衡Feistel网络的线性偏差关于密钥的平方均值的上界为LP的平方;当轮数不少于2m轮时,证明了该非平衡Feistel网络的线性偏差关于密钥的平方均值的上界为LP四次方的2倍.