A methodology for structural health monitoring with diffuse ultrasonic waves in the presence of temperature variations

Diffuse ultrasonic waves for structural health monitoring offer the advantages of simplicity of signal generation and reception, sensitivity to damage, and large area coverage; however, there are the serious disadvantages of no accepted methodology for analyzing the complex recorded signals and sensitivity to environmental changes such as temperature and surface conditions. Presented here is a methodology for applying diffuse ultrasonic waves to the problem of detecting structural damage in the presence of unmeasured temperature changes. This methodology is based upon the prediction and observation that the first order effect of a temperature change on a diffuse ultrasonic wave is a time dilation or compression. A multi-step procedure is implemented to (1) record a set of baseline waveforms from the undamaged specimen at temperatures spanning the expected operating range, (2) select a waveform from the baseline set whose temperature is the closest to that of a subsequently measured signal, (3) adjust this baseline waveform to best match the signal, and (4) calculate an error parameter between the signal and the adjusted waveform and compare this parameter to a threshold to determine the structural status. This procedure is applied to experimental data from aluminum plate specimens with artificial flaws. Probability of detection and the minimum flaw size detected are presented as a function of the size of the baseline waveform set. It is shown that a probability of detection of over 95% can be achieved with a small number of baseline waveforms.     

Elastic friction drive of surface acoustic wave motor

Importance of elastic deformation control to obtain large output force with a surface acoustic wave (SAW) motor is discussed in this paper. By adding pre-load to slider, stator and slider surfaces are deformed in a few tens nanometer. Appropriate deformation in normal direction against normal vibration displacement amplitude of SAW existed. By moderate deformation, the output force of the SAW motor was enlarged up to about 10 N and no-load speed was 0.7 m/s. To produce this performance, the transducer weight and slider size were only 4.2 g and 4 x 4 mm(2).By traveling wave propagation, surface particles of the SAW device move in elliptical motion. Due to the amplitude of the elliptical motion is 10 or 20 nm order, the contact condition of the slider is very critical. To control the contact condition, namely, the elastic deformation of the slider and stator surface in nanometer order, a lot of projections were fabricated on the slider surface. The projection diameter was 20 micro m. In static condition, the elastic deformation and stress were evaluated with the FEM analysis. From this calculation and the simulation result, it is consider that the wave crest is distorted, hence the elasticity has influence on the friction drive condition.Elastic deformation of the stator surface beneath the projection from the initial position were evaluated. In 4 x 4 mm(2) square area, the sliders had from 1089 to 23,409 projections. Depression was independent to the contact pressure. However, the output force depended on the depression although the projection density were different. From the view point of the output power of the motor, the proper depression was independent to the projection density. Around 25 nm depression, the output force and output power were maximized. This depression value was almost same as the vibration displacement amplitude of the stator transducer.     

基于参考模型的超声电机模糊自适应控制

针对由日本新生公司生产的USR系列超声电机构成的速度伺服系统提出了一种新的控制方案——基于参考模型的模糊自适应控制。该控制器由参考模型、PI控制器、模糊自适应调节器构成,PI控制器的比例系数的增量△Kp和积分系数的增量△Ki根据模糊自适应调节器模糊推理的结果确定,使得控制器的参数能够随着被控对象参数的变化而改变,从而保证系统的响应跟踪参考模型的输出响应。实验结果表明该控制方案优于一般的PI控制器和模糊PI控制器,并且简单易行,通用性强。     

行波型超声马达的数学模型

简介了超声马达的结构和工作原理,针对超声马达结构特殊、机理复杂的特点,从控制的角度出发,采用系统辨识的方法,建立了行波型超声马达的三种数学模型,实验结果证实了模型的有效性。     

Ultrasonic Broadband Spectrometry of Liquids A Research Tool in Pure and Applied Chemistry and Chemical Physics

This review is a survey of the many scientific applications of ultrasonic broadbandspectrometry (absorption and velocity measurements with coherent sound waves)in liquids and liquid systems, covering, at present, a frequency range from nearly10 kHz to 10 GHz. Ultrasonic spectrometry has proved to be an almost universalresearch tool in many laboratories, one that is useful for investigation of variouschemical, biochemical, and physicochemical systems. Sound waves traversingliquids induce periodic perturbations in pressure and temperature, which can shiftequilibria, resulting in characteristic sound absorption and velocity dispersionspectra. An analysis of such spectra yields valuable information about thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the particular system that is often difficult toobtain by other methods. Since such periodic perturbations imposed on the systemare incremental in nearly all cases, the system can be studied under equilibriumconditions. All nonlinear effects (heating, nonconstant fluid compressibility, andothers) are negligible, permitting, for instance, the application of linearized rateequations. In this review, various examples of measured broadband spectra arepresented. Related elementary processes are discussed. Among these are ionicand molecular reactions, including mechanisms of association and complexation,proton transfer, solvation, isomerization, interconversion, side-group rotation,hydrogen-bonding, as well as stacking processes and micelle formation. Specialattention will be given to the extensive research on chemical relaxation.Fundamental early and recent publications are cited and discussed. Many referencesare included with particular emphasis on less well known research and publicationsfrom countries of the former USSR. This review aims at a demonstration of thewidespread applications of modern ultrasonic techniques in many fields ofliquid-state research.     

Ternary eutectic growth of Ag-Cu-Sb alloy within ultrasonic field

The liquid to solid transformation of ternary Ag42.4Cu21.6Sb36 eutectic alloy was accomplished in an ultrasonic field with a frequency of 35 kHz, and the growth mechanism of this ternary eutectic was examined. Theoretical calculations predict that the sound intensity in the liquid phase at the solidification interface increases gradually as the interface moves up from the sample bottom to its top. The growth mode of (ε θ Sb) ternary eutectic exhibits a transition of "divorced eutectic- mixture of anomalous and regular structures-regular eutectic" along the sample axis due to the inhomogeneity of sound field distribution. In the top zone with the highest sound intensity, the cavitation effect promotes the three eutectic phases to nucleate independently, while the acoustic streaming efficiently suppresses the coupled growth of eutectic phases. In the meantime, the ultrasonic field accelerates the solute transportation at the solid-liquid interface, which reduces the solute solubility of eutectic phases.     

无刷直流电机转子状态估计研究

为了有效地控制无刷直流电机的运行,需要对电机的转子状态(位置和速度)做出快速、准确的估计.针对此问题,首先根据电机的控制原理建立数学模型,然后将定子的电流、电压和整段反电动势作为状态变量,利用扩展卡尔曼滤波器对电机转子的状态做出最小方差估计.该方法避免了位置、速度测量装置的使用,提高了电机控制系统的可靠性.     

一种直线感应电机的电磁场有限元分析

直线感应电机目前已经在地铁、轻轨等轨道交通中得到了很好的应用，在高速交通系统和其它一些游乐设施中也有光明的前景。本文针对正在建设中的直线电机综合测试试验台所用的直线电机，通过合理简化的方法建立了MAXWELL2一D仿真模型，同时也介绍了该类电机的结构和其传统等值电路。通过对有限元仿真结果与直线电机等效电路的计算值比较研究，发现用这两种不同方法得出的直线电机牵引力值和初级电流值非常接近，从而验证了仿真的正确性，仿真结果对今后控制系统的优化有着重要意义。     

Circular PVDF Airborne Transducer

With the required increased audio pressure of the parametric ultrasonic transducer array and the difficulty to theoretically analyse the complex ultrasonic structure in audio beam application, an computationally efficient model is desired to describe the characteristic of the parametric ultrasonic transducer array for the system design and optimization. By applying the symmetry boundary conditions at the mid-plane in the thickness direction, a finite element model based on the haft thickness simplification is presented to analyze the parametric circular transducer which is designed by gluing the poly Vinylidene fluoride film （PVDF）. The validity of the proposed model is confn＇med by a comparison of finite element analysis results with the theoretical value and experimental data, which show that they are making a good agreement with each other.     

基于SPM3智能功率模块的永磁同步电机驱动电路设计

现代工业对高密度、高效率的伺服驱动系统有大量需求,功率驱动电路是其硬件基础.基于新型SPM3系列智能功率模块,设计了永磁同步电机用驱动电路.对功率器件热问题进行了损耗计算和热路计算.将所设计的电路应用于高性能工业缝纫机伺服控制系统取得了良好的效果.