A New Tool for Eliminating Indoor Air Quality Complaints

Poor indoor air quality (IAQ) can cause a variety of health problems for building occupants including headaches, respiratory problems, eye irritation and fatigue. Traditional IAQ measurements often fail to identify the root cause of the problems and solutions remain elusive. A new IAQ metric, ultrafine particles, is shown to have a high correlation with complaint areas. Researchers are studying the toxicology of these tiny pollutants on animals and humans. Ultrafine particles are defined as particles smaller than 100nm diameter; nanoparticles, those smaller than 50nm diameter, are a subset of ultrafine particles. A battery-powered, portable condensation particle counter (CPC) can be used to quickly identify the source and transport pathways of ultrafine particle contaminants so they can be eliminated or controlled. The CPC condenses isopropyl alcohol on the particles to grow them to an optically detectable size. The hand-held instrument is fast responding, has a wide concentration range, and can log data to detect trends and short-term excursions. Adding the metric of ultrafine particles may become very important to IAQ investigations in the future.     

The Separation Mechanism of Particles in a Smoke by an Electric Field

It was found that smoke particles smaller than 100nm and of different crystal structures can be separated by an electric field. Tungsten oxide smoke curved in the electric field towards the positive electrode plate. The morphology of the particles and dispersion of particles became good in the electric field. By burning of Pb in a mixture gas of Ar (80%) and O₂ (20%), red and yellow layer structure particles were simultaneously produced. The flow direction of red and yellow smokes changed by applying an electric field (200V/cm). Red particles flowed towards the negative plate and yellow particles flowed towards the positive plate, i.e. two different structures were separated. Simultaneous growth conditions of SnO and SnO₂ were observed and also found that they can be separated by the use of electric field as well as lead oxides. The curve of the smoke is discussed as that the surface net charge was affected by the electric field on the basis of produced particle structure and morphology.     

NiB和NiP超细非晶合金的退火晶化行为及催化性能

 采用X射线吸收精细结构（XAFS）,X射线衍射（XRD）和差热分析（DTA）等方法研究了以化学还原法制备的NiB和NiP超细非晶态合金催化剂在退火过程中的结构变化．XRD结果表明,在300℃下退火时,NiB超细非晶态合金晶化生成纳米晶Ni3B亚稳物相,NiP超细非晶态合金则主要晶化生成金属Ni和部分晶态Ni3P的混合物相;在500℃退火且近于完全晶化的条件下,大部分超细非晶态合金都晶化为金属Ni．XAFS结果定量地说明,对于NiB和NiP初始样品,第一近邻Ni－Ni配位的平均键长Rj分别为0.274和0.271nm,其结构无序度σS很大,分别为0.033和0.028nm,其热无序度σT分别为0.0069和0.0060nm．300℃退火后,晶化生成的Ni3B的Ni－Ni配位的σS降低到初始样品的33％,仅为0.011nm．500℃退火后,NiB样品的结构参数与金属Ni基本一致,但NiP样品的Ni－Ni配位的σS还远大于σT,仍为0.0125nm,表明NiB和NiP超细非晶态合金的退火晶化行为有很大的差别．纳米晶Ni3B催化苯加氢反应的转化率比超细Ni－B非晶态合金或多晶金属Ni更高,表明纳米晶Ni3B中的Ni与B原子组成了苯加氢催化反应的活性中心．     

Ag-BaO薄膜在电场作用下的可见——近红外波段光学吸收特性

对超额Ba激活的Ag-BaO复合薄膜在外加垂直表面电场作用下的光学吸收特性进行了测量.结果显示,薄膜在可见—近红外光波段存在两个吸收峰,其中近红外光区的吸收峰强度随垂直表面电场的作用而降低.理论分析表明,可见光区的主吸收峰源于埋藏在BaO半导体中的Ag超微粒子的表面等离激元共振吸收;近红外光区的次吸收峰则由BaO半导体基质中杂质能级的光吸收引起,杂质能级的产生与超额Ba在BaO晶体中造成的氧缺位有关.在外加垂直表面电场作用下,BaO基质中的杂质发生电离,并导致杂质能级上束缚电子浓度减小,表现为薄膜在与杂质 关键词： 光吸收 金属超微粒子半导体复合薄膜 表面等离激元 杂质能级     

入射光强对Ag-BaO薄膜内场助光电发射特性的影响

通过对不同光强入射下 Ag- Ba O薄膜内场助光电发射特性的测试 ,实验发现 Ag- Ba O薄膜内场助光电发射电流随内场助偏压的增长过程经历了快速增长和缓慢增加两个阶段 ,相应的转折电压大小与入射光强有关 .理论分析表明 ,内场助作用下 Ag- Ba O薄膜体内能带结构发生了 Ag微粒和 Ba O介质间等效界面势垒减小及薄膜表面真空能级相对下降等两个方面的变化 ,其在内场助作用过程中相对效果的不同导致了光电流增长过程中的两个阶段 ;转折电压对入射光强的依赖关系源于光生载流子改变了薄膜体内的有效电场强度     

相转移法制备Cu-Mn合成气一步法合成甲酸甲酯催化剂

采用月桂酸作表面活性剂相转移制备了Ｃｕ－Ｍｎ合成甲酸甲酯催化剂,结果发现相转移法制得的催化剂粒径比采用共沉淀法要小得多,已经达到了纳米超细粒子水平。同时,比表面积也显著增大,用于由合成气一步法合成甲酸甲酯的活性显著高于共沉淀法及浸渍法制得的催化剂。     

氧化锌包覆超细二氧化钛的制备及其紫外屏蔽性能

采用分步-均一沉淀法,以尿素为沉淀剂制备粒径为40nm的锐钛矿型二氧化钛超细粒子,并在其表面包覆晶体粒径为10.2nm的氧化锌,研究了不同含量的氧化锌对包覆效果及紫外吸收性能的影响.结果表明,合成的氧化锌包覆超细锐钛矿型TiO₂的紫外吸收性能明显高于锐钛矿型超细二氧化钛、金红石型二氧化钛及市售氧化锌.     

Determination of mineral and trace element concentrations in pine needles by ICP-OES: evaluation of different sample pre-treatment methods

In the present study, the determination of mineral and trace elements (Al, B, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P and Zn) from pine needles using three sample pre-treatment methods followed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, was examined. Sample pre-treatment methods tested were microwave digestion, ultrasound-assisted digestion and dry ashing. The new ultrasound-assisted digestion method was optimised by the analysis of the standard reference material (SRM) 1575a (pine needles) sample. The speed of dry ashing method was significantly increased by ultrasound dissolution after ashing. All the ICP-OES measurements were performed in robust plasma conditions which were tested by measuring the Mg II 280.270 nm/Mg I 285.213 nm line intensity ratios. The microwave digestion resulted generally in slightly higher element concentrations than ultrasound-assisted digestion. B, Cu and Na resulted in such low concentrations that they could not be accurately determined by using the microwave digestion method. The t-tests found no significant differences between the certified and the determined element concentrations of the SRM 1575a using the dry ashing method followed with ultrasound dissolution.     

载银纳米SiO2对超细羊毛摩擦磨损性能的影响

用载银纳米SiO2功能液对超细羊毛进行表面改性处理,在羊毛表面形成纳米抗菌层,使纤维具有持久的抗菌性能.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察到抗菌层厚度约200 nm,纤维表面变均匀.按照国家纤维测试标准对超细羊毛纳米改性前、后单纤维强力和摩擦性能进行测试,结果表明:超细羊毛经过纳米改性后,单纤维强力增大13.4%,断裂伸长率增大38.6%,断裂强度增大22.8%,动摩擦效应减小11.04%,静摩擦效应减小16.25%,改善了超细羊毛的穿着舒适性和耐摩擦磨损性能.     

含NaCl超细水雾对不同阻塞率管道内爆炸的抑制

针对长距离输气管道频发的爆炸问题,在自行搭建的水平透明管道平台中开展了含NaCl超细水雾对不同阻塞率管道爆炸特性的影响研究。通过对瓦斯爆炸压力、火焰传播速度等特征参数进行分析,探究含NaCl超细水雾与不同阻塞率泄压口对爆炸特性的影响规律。结果表明：仅在不同阻塞率（0、0.2、0.4和0.6）的泄压口作用下的管道瓦斯爆炸,爆炸超压随着管道阻塞率的增大而增强,阻塞率与火焰锋面传播至管道末端时间呈非线性关系,在阻塞率为0.2时火焰平均速度最快;两者共同作用下,雾通量为8.4 mL、质量分数为8%的NaCl超细水雾阻火抑爆效果最佳,最大爆炸压力下降幅度可达59.2%;含NaCl超细水雾直接作用于爆炸火焰从而抑制爆炸传播。