氧气氛中紫外光辐照官能化HDPE的结构与性能研究

采用FT－IR，XPS，WAXD，DXC，凝胶和表面自由能力分析，研究了氧化氛中紫外辐照官能化高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）的化学结构、晶体结构和表面自由能的变化。与空气相比，在氧气氛中紫外辐照HDPE能提高C－O，C（＝O）O和C＝O等含氧基团的引入速度，同时又能降低HDPE中的凝胶含量，在空气和氧气氛中紫外辐照后，HDPE的晶型没有发生变化，仍为正交晶系；HDPE的晶胞参数a,b,c以及（110），（200），（020），（011），（111）等晶面间距基本保持不变；HDPE的熔融温度下降，但熔融热焓升高，结晶度增大，表面自由能增大，且在氧气氛中辐照HDPE的变化幅度较大。     

通过脱碳控制全球平均温度

Establishing a reliable method to predict the global mean temperature (T_e) is of great importance because CO₂ reduction activities require political and global cooperation and significant financial resources. The current climate models all seem to predict that the earth's temperature will continue to increase, mainly based on the assumption that CO₂ emissions cannot be lowered significantly in the foreseeable future. Given the earth's multifactor climate system, attributing atmospheric CO₂ as the only cause for the observed temperature anomaly is most likely an oversimplification; the presence of water (H₂O) in the atmosphere should at least be considered. As such, T_e is determined by atmospheric water content controlled by solar activity, along with anthropogenic CO₂ activities. It is possible that the anthropogenic CO₂ activities can be reduced in the future. Based on temperature measurements and thermodynamic data, a new model for predicting T_e has been developed. Using this model, past, current, and future CO₂ and H₂O data can be analyzed and the associated T_e calculated. This new, esoteric approach is more accurate than various other models, but has not been reported in the open literature. According to this model, by 2050, T_e may increase to 15.5 ℃ under "business-as-usual" emissions. By applying a reasonable green technology activity scenario, T_e may be reduced to approximately 14.2 ℃. To achieve CO₂ reductions, the scenario described herein predicts a CO₂ reduction potential of 513 gigatons in 30 years. This proposed scenario includes various CO₂ reduction activities, carbon capturing technology, mineralization, and bio-char production; the most important CO₂ reductions by 2050 are expected to be achieved mainly in the electricity, agriculture, and transportation sectors. Other more aggressive and plausible drawdown scenarios have been analyzed as well, yielding CO₂ reduction potentials of 1051 and 1747 gigatons, respectively, in 30 years, but they may reduce global food production. It is emphasized that the causes and predictions of the global warming trend should be regarded as open scientific questions because several details concerning the physical processes associated with global warming remain uncertain. For example, the role of solar activities coupled with Milankovitch cycles are not yet fully understood. In addition, other factors, such as ocean CO₂ uptake and volcanic activity, may not be negligible.     

Analysis of t-Butyldimethylsilyl Derivatives of Chlorophenols in the Atmosphere of Urban and Rural Areas in East of France

A method using GC-MS and derivatization with N-(t-butyldimethylsilyl)-N-ethyltrifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA) was developed for the analysis of 19 chlorophenols compounds in atmospheric samples (gas and particles). Air sampling was carried out using a Hi-Vol sampler with glass fibre filter and XAD-2 resin at a flow rate of 60 m³ h⁻¹. The particle and gas phases were collected separately over a period of 4 h. Samples were Soxhlet extracted, evaporated to dryness under nitrogen and refilled with acetonitrile. 100 mL of these extracts were derivatized with 100 μL of MTBSTFA at 80 °C for 1 h under strong stirring. Sylylated chlorophenols were injected into a GC-MS in splitless mode and quantified as their TBDMS derivatives in the SIM mode. Mass spectral analysis of the derivatives of the 19 compounds studied indicates that the spectra are highly specific showing an ion at [M - 57]⁺ which is useful for structure confirmation or analysis at low levels using selected ion monitoring. Quantification limits varied between 5 μg L⁻¹ and 10 μg L⁻¹ which correspond to 20 pg m⁻³ and 40 pg m⁻³ for 250 m³ of air sampled. This method was successfully applied to atmospheric samples collected simultaneously in winter 2004 in an urban (Strasbourg) and rural (Erstein) areas in east of France.     

桥梁颤振气动导数在均匀流与紊流作用下的统一辨识理论研究

桥梁断面颤振气动导数的准确识别是桥梁空气动力稳定性研究的基础,一直是桥梁风工程研究领域的前沿课题。基于工况模态分析理论,本文首先导出了紊流条件下桥梁颤振气动导数辨识的完整方法;其次,将上述数据处理方式运用到由均匀流条件引起的自由衰减振动中,得出与紊流情况类似的结果。本文提出的方法能够用同样的辨识原理、同一个数据处理程序统一地对紊流和均匀流下的桥梁气动导数进行辨识;最后,利用数值仿真算例验证上述理论。     

利用GPS定位信息遥感大气风场的研究

介绍了GPS测风系统的构成、GPS接收机的性能指标和从GPS定位信息反演大气风场的方法,GPS接收机的性能指标与反演的风场数据的精度和可靠性关系密切.为了验证GPS测风技术的可靠性,进行了和风廓线仪、Vaisala探空的对比实验,结果表明:GPS探空和风廓线仪及Vaisala气球测风的结果相关性都很好,风速、风向廓线较为接近,但GPS测得的风速平均值比风廓线仪和Vaisala的测量结果均偏大.进一步分析了GPS测风产生偏差的原因,对误差做出合理的订正十分必要.     

(Ca,Sr)(Zr,Ti)O_3系抗还原高频介质瓷料的研究

采用固相合成法制备了(Ca,Sr)(Zr,Ti)O3(简称CSZT)系电容器陶瓷材料,研究了主晶相组分对所制材料介电性能的影响。结果表明:通过调整主晶相CSZT中各组分的配比,再加入适量的烧结助剂,能得到一种可在还原气氛中烧结的高频介质瓷料,该瓷料可与镍内电极共烧,其相对介电常数约为89,介质损耗(tanδ)小于5×10–4,绝缘电阻达到1012Ω,介电常数温度系数为–1 037×10–6/℃。     

舰船湍流尾迹的数值模拟及其单站RCS计算

基于舰船湍流尾迹的半经验公式和双线性叠加方法, 分别模拟船尾射流尾迹和船侧涡流对尾迹, 与湍流实验结论比较, 验证了模拟结果的准确性以及方法的有效性.提出一种用双尺度模型结合物理光学法(Physical Optics, PO)计算粗糙面电磁散射的方法, 应用该方法计算风驱海面杂波雷达散射截面(Radar Cross-Section, RCS)并与双尺度方法(Two Scale Method, TSM)的计算结果和实测数据比较, 吻合得较好, 验证了该方法的正确性.应用该方法计算湍流尾迹的雷达散射截面, 为数值模拟舰船尾迹的合成孔径雷达图像奠定了基础.     

大气对自由空间光通信的影响机理及改善方法

大气效应对通信链路的影响限制了自由空间光通信技术的应用,研究其影响机理和改善方法有利于降低光通信链路的误码率,提升通信速率及距离.总结了大气对自由空间光通信的影响机理,指出了不同大气效应对光通信的影响形式,其中包括光强衰减、脉冲展宽、光强起伏和闪烁、光束漂移、光束扩展、相位起伏等.综述了现有的大气影响改善方法,主要包括大孔径接收、多波长传输、多光束传输、部分相干光传输、自适应光学等技术,并简述了进一步开展工作的方向.     

舰载红外成像探测跟踪系统仿真研究

仿真研究由目标、背景、大气传输和传感器四部分组成．在对目标辐射度的分析中,研究目标温度和发射率的计算方法．计算背景辐射时,重点考虑了海水本身的热辐射特性,并将天空背景的辐射等价于探测器路径上的大气辐射．对大气中的传输研究采用了LOWTRAN模型．仿真中考虑了传感器的影响,包括光学系统和红外探测器．在动态图像生成过程中,采用了多媒体定时器实现了仿真的实时性．仿真的结果可以减少外场试验的次数,从而节省大量试验费用．     

湍流大气中部分相干空心聚焦束的光强分布

基于广义惠更斯-菲涅耳原理和相位结构函数的平方近似,研究了湍流大气中聚焦部分相于空心光束传输特性,用张量积分的方法导出了接收面上平均光强分布的解析表达式。研究结果表明：对于给定的传输距离,焦面上的光强分布均为高斯分布。高斯分布的峰值和腰宽与空心光束的初始相干长度、焦距的长度以及大气湍流起伏强度和湍流外尺度密切相关,而且在强湍流情况下,湍流外尺度严重影响峰值强度。