数字散斑相关方法及其在碳纤维复合材料压力容器变形测量中的应用

提出了一种新的基于图像灰度梯度迭代的数字散斑相关方法(DSCM,digital speckle correlation method)。通过使用DSCM测量碳纤维复合材料压力容器在水压下的局部区域的位移场和应变场,分析了复合材料压力容器的轴向和环向的变形特征,为碳纤维复合材料压力容器的优化设计提供了理论和实验依据。     

偏振光干涉法消除光纤光栅解调中的交叉敏感现象

提出一种偏振光干涉的光纤光栅应变测量方法,该方法能解决光纤光栅应变和温度测量时的交叉敏感问题。对于钒酸钇晶体偏振光干涉仪,如果选择两个能使干涉仪产生180°相位差的不同中心波长的光纤光栅,一个用于应变测量,一个用于补偿温度,就能很好地解决光纤光栅应变测量时的温度交叉敏感问题。分析了构成偏振光干涉仪的晶体的厚度对应变偏差的影响。理论计算和试验结果显示,当晶体厚度为0.5 mm时温度对应变测量的交叉敏感现象被压缩到了1.6%,相当于0.13με/℃。进一步的仿真分析发现当晶体厚度为0.1 mm时交叉敏感现象将被压缩到0.08%,相当于0.0067με/℃。小的晶体厚度有利于减小交叉敏感现象,但小厚度的晶体加工困难,为此分析了双晶体结构的方案。     

Molecular dynamic study of temperature dependence of mechanical properties and plastic inception of CoCrCuFeNi high-entropy alloy

Molecular dynamics simulations are performed to study mechanical characteristics and homogeneous plastic inception of CoCrCuFeNi high-entropy alloy at various temperatures under uniaxial tension. It is found that the elastic modulus and ultimate tensile strength increase with temperature decreasing. A notable softening effect is observed at the elastic deformation stage caused by the decrease of the interatomic force gradient. Extrinsic stacking faults and deformation twins are extensively observed, which are formed via intrinsic stacking faults overlap.     

一种轿车车轮应力状态测量与分析方法

基于台架应变测试试验方法,研究轿车车轮在疲劳试验中的应力状态。结果表明:车轮的径向疲劳试验时,轮胎会对车轮的载荷产生较大的影响,轮胎与转鼓的挤压变形以及正反转动都会对车轮的应力状态产生影响;车轮径向疲劳试验时,最大应变出现在轮辋与轮胎接触位置沿车轮圆周方向,而在靠近轮心位置的应变较小;车轮弯曲疲劳试验时,最大应变出现在轮辐靠近轮心的位置,最大应变出现在轮辐的长度方向;不同的载荷对车轮应变的变化规律并没有影响,但是会对最大和最小峰值产生影响。     

基于改进云推理算法的塔架结构损伤识别

为了解决塔架结构的损伤识别问题,提出了基于应变能和改进云推理算法的损伤识别方法。首先描述了云模型的基本理论和数字特征,并给出了模态应变能的基本公式;然后分析了X条件云发生器和Y条件云发生器的基本算法和运行步骤,借助灰云模型建立相应的前件云和后件云规则,考虑了测量噪声的影响,利用云发生器生成多组云滴,并利用多模式下云滴的确定度和生成值构建了基本云推理算法及其损伤识别指标。基本云推理算法中常会产生不均匀发散的云滴,从而使计算结果产生一定的偏差,为了降低云滴发散产生的偏差影响,提出了基于损伤模式数量加权的云推理改进策略。计算结果表明:云推理算法可以较好地应用于塔架结构的损伤识别,其识别结果明显优于传统的应变能耗散率指标方法;而改进云推理算法进一步提高了识别的精度,优于基本云推理算法。     

丙烯酸盐喷膜防水材料在酸碱浸润和冻融循环条件下的耐久性试验分析

丙烯酸盐喷膜防水材料在酸碱溶液浸润和冻融条件下的耐久性能是该类材料在工程应用中较难回避的实际问题,论文采用酸性介质(0.2%的H2SO4溶液)和碱性介质(0.1%NaOH+饱和Ca(OH)2溶液)对该材料进行饱和浸泡并进行冻融循环后,研究了该材料的吸水性、断裂拉伸强度和拉断伸长率的变化规律。试验结果表明:喷膜防水材料在侵蚀-冻融循环作用下,其拉断伸长率和断裂拉伸强度显著降低,且酸性介质对材料拉伸性能的影响较大;材料耐低温冰冻能力较强,耐高温能力较差。反映出丙烯酸盐喷膜防水材料在低温冰冻和碱性介质中耐久性较好,不建议在高温和酸性介质条件下使用。     

砂岩方梁断裂过程区范围的实验确定方法

裂纹前端的断裂过程区是引起岩石非线性断裂及尺寸效应的主要原因。利用数字图像相关技术对砂岩开展了三点弯曲梁实验,获得观测区域高精度的全场位移和应变数据,根据断裂韧带区域水平位移和水平应变的分布特征,结合裂尖岩石颗粒变化的微观分析,提出采用裂纹尖端水平位移波动性和水平应变突变性所得到的波动系数和水平应变突变值,确定断裂过程区形状和临界尺寸的方法。结果表明:砂岩断裂过程区的形状为不规则的狭长带状区域,断裂过程区的临界长度为11~13mm,临界宽度为1.58~2.36mm。断裂过程区区域内形变在趋向裂尖时呈指数增加,但其单位区域内的形变增量呈波动状态。该方法能够更加准确判断岩石断裂过程区的范围,有助于分析岩石的非线性断裂特性。     

水硬性石灰合成及拉破坏特性试验研究

水硬性石灰在欧洲石质文物修复和加固中获得了很大成功。我国的石质文物主要是砂岩,水硬性石灰的修复效果不好。为满足我国石质文物修复和加固的需求,本文以石灰石和黏土为原料,在950℃煅烧不同时间,制备出水硬性石,对试样的成分、微观形貌、收缩率、抗拉强度和拉破坏过程等进行了研究。结果表明:(1)试样中含有水硬性成分2CaO·SiO2(C2S);煅烧8h时,成分与欧洲水硬性石灰NHL5接近;1.5CaO·SiO2·xH2O(C-S-H)和CaCO3的含量随龄期的增加逐渐增加。(2)龄期1~3d,收缩率较小;龄期4~6d,收缩率以线性规律增加;7d以后,收缩率趋于稳定。(3)局部变形区随拉应力的增加而变大,邻近局部变形区逐渐合并,形成面积更大的应变局部化带;载荷超过峰值后,产生微裂隙;随载荷进一步增加,微裂隙扩展,贯穿整个试件,发展成宏观裂隙,使试件破坏。(4)抗拉强度随龄期的增加而增加,水硬性石灰中C-S-H、CaCO3等相互交织,构成空间致密体,使试件力学强度提高。合成的水硬性石灰物理力学性能与欧洲水硬性石灰NHL5相近,并且成分均匀、可控,在石质文物修复和加固工程中具有良好应用前景。     

Tunable electronic and optical properties of SnC/BAs heterostructure by external electric field and vertical strain

Based on the first-principles method, we investigate the electronic structure of SnC/BAs van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure and find that it has an intrinsic type-II band alignment with a direct band gap of 0.22 eV, which favors the separation of photogenerated electron–hole pairs. The band gap can be effectively modulated by applying vertical strain and external electric field, displaying a large alteration of band gap via the strain and experiencing an indirect-to-direct band gap transition. Moreover, the band gap of the heterostructure varies almost linearly with external electric field, and the semiconductor-to-metal transition can be realized in the presence of a strong electric field. The calculated band alignment and the optical absorption reveal that the SnC/BAs heterostructure could present an excellent light-harvesting performance. Our designed heterostructure is expected to have great potential applications in nanoelectronic devices and photovoltaics and optical properties.     

Efficient Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diodes Based on Well-Type Thick-Shell CdxZn1−xS/CdSe/CdyZn1−yS Quantum Dots

Device grade quantum dots (QDs) require QDs ensembles to retain their original superior optical properties as in solution. QDs with thick shells are proven effective in suppressing the inter-dot interaction and preserving the emission properties for QDs solids. However, lattice strain–induced defects may form as the shell grows thicker, resulting in a notable photoluminescence quenching. Herein, a well-type Cd_xZn_1−xS/CdSe/Cd_yZn_1−yS QDs is proposed, where ternary alloys CdZnS are adopted to match the lattice parameter of intermediate CdSe by separately adjusting the x and y parameters. The resultant thick-shell Cd_0.5Zn_0.5S/CdSe/Cd_0.73Zn_0.27S QDs reveal nonblinking properties with a high PL QY of 99% in solution and 87% in film. The optimized quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) exhibit a luminance of 31547.5 cd m⁻² at the external quantum efficiency maximum of 21.2% under a bias of 4.0 V. The shell thickness shows great impact on the degradation of the devices. The T₅₀ lifetime of the QLEDs with 11.2 nm QDs reaches 251 493 h, which is much higher than that of 6.5 and 8.4 nm QDs counterparts. The performances of the well-type thick-shell QLEDs are comparable to state-of-the-art devices, suggesting that this type of QDs is a promising candidate for efficient optoelectronic devices.