基于单片机和光电开关的通用计数器设计

At presrent, the photoelectric switch is more and more widely used in the industrial automation equipment.It can be finished counting industrial products by using the characteristic of the photoelectric switch which can detect the objects without touching them. This design uses the modular design method,including power-supply module, The photoelectric conversion module, optocoupler isolation circuit module, power off protection module, matrix keyboard module, counting module and The display module. It mainly uses 51 single-chip microcomputer to control the system,uses the keilC51 software to design program,uses the Proteus software to complete the simulation. Through the experiment, it proves the design is feasible.     

GPCR A2A AR腺苷受体蛋白的激动剂结合及其诱导的蛋白活性开关构象变化

运用分子动力学模拟,研究了腺苷酸（激动剂）与A2AAR腺苷受体蛋白的相互作用和配体结合诱导的蛋白动力学变化．识别了与腺苷酸结合力强于0．5kcal／mol的关键基团：A63^2．61,I66^2．64,V84^3.32,L85^3.33,T88^3.36,F168^5.29,M177^5.38,L249^6.51,H250^6.52和N253^6.55,观察到腺苷酸没有与L167^5.28相互作用,这一结果支持了L167^5.28是抑制剂特异性结合位点,不与激动剂结合．未结合配体（激动剂或抑制剂）的单体A2AAR和腺苷酸结合后的A2AAR在构象上有三个不同功能性开关．腺苷酸结合可以诱导A2AAR腺苷受体蛋白的构象调整,使得三个功能性开关器件的构象与单体A2AAR不同．     

(CH3)2和(NH2)2基团修饰的齐聚苯乙炔分子电子输运性质研究

采用密度泛函理论和非平衡格林函数相结合的方法研究了S原子作为单、双端基的(CH₃)₂-OPE (齐聚苯乙炔)和(NH₂)₂-OPE分子在金电极间的电子输运性质. 通过第一性原理优化计算获得分子部分稳定结构, 再置于Au电极之间构成两极系统, 然后再优化整个两极系统获得稳定结构. 另外, 通过非平衡格林函数方法计算了两极系统的电子输运性质. 计算结果表明, 不同的修饰基团和桥接方式可以导致两极系统的开关效应、负微分电阻行为和整流行为等不同的电子输运性质. 通过计算不同偏压下的分子体系投影轨道电子分布、透射谱、态密度, 对这些新异的电输运性质出现的机理进行了解释.     

基于偶氮苯衍生物的三阶非线性光开关性能的调控

偶氮苯衍生物因其具有特殊的共轭体系常用作光开关特性的三阶非线性光学（NLO）开关材料,但有部分带有特殊基团的偶氮类分子在一般条件下无法显示其性能.然而,这类分子在被调节之后能展示出优异的光控的NLO开关性能.以无光控的NLO开关性能的5-（N-4-偶氮苯基）氨甲基间苯二甲酸为研究对象,并对其潜在的光控NLO开关性能进行调控.经过调节后的这类分子在光照条件下能顺利地经历可逆的顺反异构化反应,且产生三阶非线性性能的转换.其Z-扫描实验结果显示处于反式构型的材料展示出反饱和吸收和自散焦特性;在光照之后,这类材料转化为顺式构型并展现出饱和吸收和自聚焦行为.三阶NLO性能的转换是由于材料的结构发生转变其内部电子产生重排,使得它们在激光刺激下产生不同的响应机制.     

Conjugated polymer nanoparticles as fluorescence switch for selective cell imaging

Fluorescence switch plays a vital role in bioelectronics and bioimaging.Herein,we presented a new kind of facile electrostatic complex nanoparticles(ECNs)for fluorescence switching in cells and marking of individual cell.The ECNs were prepared by mixing positively charged poly(6-(2-(thiophen-3-yl)ethoxy)hexyl trimethylammonium bromide)(PT)and negatively charged diarylethene sodium salt(DAECOONa).DAE-COONa is a photoswitchable molecule which can be transformed between the ring-closed fo rm and ring-open form under the irradiation of UV or visible light.The closed-form of DAE-COONa can efficie ntly quench the fluorescence of PT through intermolecular energy transfer,while the open form of DAE-COONa does not influence the emission of PT.Thus,the fluorescence of ECNs can be modulated by light irradiation,and the ECNs with good fluorescence switching performance have been employed for fluorescence imaging and individual cell lighting up process successfully.We demonstrate that the electrostatic complex strategy provides a facile method to construct fluorescence switch fo r selective cell marking and imaging applications.     

The Dynamics of the Neuropeptide Y Receptor Type 1 Investigated by Solid-State NMR and Molecular Dynamics Simulation

We report data on the structural dynamics of the neuropeptide Y (NPY) G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) type 1 (Y1R), a typical representative of class A peptide ligand GPCRs, using a combination of solid-state NMR and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. First, the equilibrium dynamics of Y1R were studied using ¹⁵N-NMR and quantitative determination of ¹H-¹³C order parameters through the measurement of dipolar couplings in separated-local-field NMR experiments. Order parameters reporting the amplitudes of the molecular motions of the C-H bond vectors of Y1R in DMPC membranes are 0.57 for the Cα sites and lower in the side chains (0.37 for the CH₂ and 0.18 for the CH₃ groups). Different NMR excitation schemes identify relatively rigid and also dynamic segments of the molecule. In monounsaturated membranes composed of longer lipid chains, Y1R is more rigid, attributed to a higher hydrophobic thickness of the lipid membrane. The presence of an antagonist or NPY has little influence on the amplitude of motions, whereas the addition of agonist and arrestin led to a pronounced rigidization. To investigate Y1R dynamics with site resolution, we conducted extensive all-atom MD simulations of the apo and antagonist-bound state. In each state, three replicas with a length of 20 μs (with one exception, where the trajectory length was 10 μs) were conducted. In these simulations, order parameters of each residue were determined and showed high values in the transmembrane helices, whereas the loops and termini exhibit much lower order. The extracellular helix segments undergo larger amplitude motions than their intracellular counterparts, whereas the opposite is observed for the loops, Helix 8, and termini. Only minor differences in order were observed between the apo and antagonist-bound state, whereas the time scale of the motions is shorter for the apo state. Although these relatively fast motions occurring with correlation times of ns up to a few µs have no direct relevance for receptor activation, it is believed that they represent the prerequisite for larger conformational transitions in proteins.     

Switchable Polymerization Triggered by Fast and Quantitative Insertion of Carbon Monoxide into Cobalt–Oxygen Bonds

A strategy that uses carbon monoxide (CO) as a molecular trigger to switch the polymerization mechanism of a cobalt Salen complex [salen=(R,R)‐N,N′‐bis(3,5‐di‐tert‐butylsalicylidene)‐1,2‐cyclohexanediamine] from ring‐opening copolymerization (ROCOP) of epoxides/anhydrides to organometallic mediated controlled radical polymerization (OMRP) of acrylates is described. The key phenomenon is a rapid and quantitative insertion of CO into the Co?O bond, allowing for in situ transformation of the ROCOP active species (Salen)Co^III‐OR into the OMRP photoinitiator (Salen)Co^III‐CO₂R. The proposed mechanism, which involves CO coordination to (Salen)Co^III‐OR and subsequent intramolecular rearrangement via migratory insertion has been rationalized by DFT calculations. Regulated by both CO and visible light, on‐demand sequence control can be achieved for the one‐pot synthesis of polyester‐b‐polyacrylate diblock copolymers (?<1.15).     

Photochromic Free MOF‐Based Near‐Infrared Optical Switch

We demonstrate herein an all‐optical switch based on stimuli‐responsive and photochromic‐free metal–organic framework (HKUST‐1). Ultrafast near‐infrared laser pulses stimulate a reversible 0.4 eV blue shift of the absorption band with up to 200 s^?1 rate due to dehydration and concomitant shrinking of the structure‐forming [Cu₂C₄O₈] cages of HKUST‐1. Such light‐induced switching enables the remote modulation of intensities of photoluminescence of single crystals of HKUST‐1 as well visible radiation passing through the crystal by 2 order of magnitude. This opens up the possibility of utilyzing stimuli‐responsive MOFs for all‐optical data processing devices.     

A Photochemical/Thermal Switch Based on 4,4′-Bis(benzimidazolio)stilbene: Synthesis and Supramolecular Properties.

Stilbene derivatives are well-recognised substructures of molecular switches based on photochemically and/or thermally induced (E)/(Z) isomerisation. We combined a stilbene motif with two benzimidazolium arms to prepare new sorts of supramolecular building blocks and examined their binding properties towards cucurbit[n]urils (n=7, 8) and cyclodextrins (β-CD, γ-CD) in water. Based on the ¹H NMR data and molecular dynamics simulations, we found that two distinct complexes with different stoichiometry, i. e., guest@β-CD and guest@β-CD₂, coexist in equilibrium in a water solution of the (Z)-stilbene-based guests. We also demonstrated that the bis(benzimidazolio)stilbene guests can be transformed from the (E) into the (Z) form via UV irradiation and back via thermal treatment in DMSO.