Viscoelastic characterization of compacted pharmaceutical excipient materials by analysis of frequency-dependent mechanical relaxation processes

A newly developed method for determining the frequency-dependent complex Young's modulus was employed to analyze the mechanical response of compacted microcrystalline cellulose, sorbitol, ethyl cellulose and starch for frequencies up to 20 kHz. A Debye-like relaxation was observed in all the studied pharmaceutical excipient materials and a comparison with corresponding dielectric spectroscopy data was made. The location in frequency of the relaxation peak was shown to correlate to the measured tensile strength of the tablets, and the relaxation was interpreted as the vibrational response of the interparticle hydrogen and van der Waals bindings in the tablets. Further, the measured relaxation strength, holding information about the energy loss involved in the relaxation processes, showed that the weakest material in terms of tensile strength, starch, is the material among the four tested ones that is able to absorb the most energy within its structure when exposed to external perturbations inducing vibrations in the studied frequency range. The results indicate that mechanical relaxation analysis performed over relatively broad frequency ranges should be useful for predicting material properties of importance for the functionality of a material in applications such as, e.g., drug delivery, drug storage and handling, and also for clarifying the origin of hitherto unexplained molecular processes.     

Non-Static Local String in Higher-Dimensional Gravity

We analyze the space-time structure of local gauge string with a phenomenological energy–momentum tensor, as prescribed by Vilenkin, in an arbitrary number of space-time dimensions with a non-zero cosmological constant Λ. A set of solutions of the full non-linear Einstein's equations for the interior region of such a string is presented.     

Dynamic Behavior of Rigid–Plastic Sector Plates

The paper studies the dynamic behavior of perfect rigid-plastic plates in the form of a sector with hinged or clamped sides under short-term intensive loads. Two dynamic deformation mechanisms are demonstrated. The dynamic equation is derived for each of the mechanisms. The realization conditions for the mechanisms are analyzed. Analytical expressions are derived for the ultimate (high) loads and the maximum residual deflection. Numerical examples are given     

The Dial-a-Ride Problem (DARP): Variants,modeling issues and algorithms

The Dial-a-Ride Problem (DARP) consists of designing vehicle routes and schedules for n users who specify pick-up and drop-off requests between origins and destinations. The aim is to plan a set of m minimum cost vehicle routes capable of accommodating as many users as possible, under a set of constraints. The most common example arises in door-to-door transportation for elderly or disabled people. The purpose of this article is to review the scientific literature on the DARP. The main features of the problem are described and classified and some modeling issues are discussed. A summary of the most important algorithms is provided.AMS classification: 90B06, 90C27, 90C59     

Experimental Determination of Micromachined Discrete and Continuous Device Spring Constants Using Nanoindentation Method

A rapid and accurate static and quasi-static method for determining the out-of-plane spring constants of cantilevers and a micromachined vibratory sensor is presented. In the past much of the effort in nanoindentation application was to investigate the thin-film mechanical properties. In this paper, we have utilized the nanoindentation method to measure directly some micromachined device (e.g. microgyroscope) spring constants. The cantilevers and devices tested were fabricated using the MUMPS process and an SOI process (patent pending). Spring constants are determined using a commercial nanoindentation apparatus UMIS-2000 configured with both Berkovich and spherical indenter tip that can be placed onto the device with high accuracy. Typical load resolution is: 20 N to 0.5 N and a displacement resolution of 0.05 nm. Information was deduced from the penetration depth versus load curves during both loading and unloading.     

Stress State of Multilayer Structural Elements Subjected to Static Loading and Optimization of Laminated Beams and Bars

The results of FEM investigation of the triaxial stress state in multilayer structural elements subjected to axial and bending loads are presented. The distribution regularities of the stiffness and stresses or strains depending on the geometric and mechanical characteristics of layers and their position in the cross section of beams and bars are examined. The optimization of these elements is carried out using the dependences of the Bareisis—Paulauskas method and the Optim-98 computer program created by the present authors. As the optimization criteria, the strength, stiffness, mass, and cost of the structural elements are considered.     

Applications of SMP Bounds to Multi-class Traffic in High-speed Networks

In this paper, we consider the stochastic fluid-flow model of a single node in a high-speed telecommunication network handling multi-class traffic. The node has multiple buffers, one for each class of traffic. The contents of these buffers are multiplexed onto a single output channel using one of the service scheduling policies: the Timed Round Robin Policy or the Static Priority Service Policy. The Quality of Service requirements for each class are based on cell loss probabilities. Using effective bandwidth methodologies and the recently developed bounds for semi-Markov modulated traffic, we solve call admission control problems for the two service scheduling policies at this node. We compare the performance of the effective bandwidth methodologies and the SMP bounds technique. We also numerically compare the performance of the two service scheduling policies.     

经纬仪静态测角精度分析

现代光电经纬仪具有实时测量、高精度、自动跟踪监控和易于图像再现等优点,广泛应用于航空、航天、武器试验等科研和军事领域。它的测量精度直接关系到测量结果和试飞结论的准确性,而测角精度又是光电经纬仪中一项最重要的指标。根据光电经纬仪的工作状态,其测量误差又可以分为静态误差和动态误差。通常在设备的总误差中,静态误差占据主要部分,因而是目前研究的重点。本文针对经纬仪室内测角精度检测进行分析,对影响测角精度的各种因素分别进行探讨,并给出基于EXCEL的经纬仪静态测角误差修正表。     

SoC设计中的低功耗策略

低功耗设计已经成为片上系统(SoC)设计的主题.当今的设计已经从过去的性能、面积二维目标转变为性能、面积和功耗的三维目标.本文深入探讨了片上系统设计中的低功耗设计策略,在晶体管和逻辑门级、寄存器传输级和系统结构级各设计抽象层次上阐述了低功耗设计所面临的问题,并给出了各级的低功耗优化策略.