Design,development and reliability testing of a low power bridge-type micromachined hotplate

In this paper, the development and reliability of a platinum-based microheater with low power consumption are demonstrated. The microheater is fabricated on a thin SiO₂ bridge-type suspended membrane supported by four arms. The structure consists of a 0.6 μm-thick SiO₂ membrane of size 50 μm × 50 μm over which a platinum resistor is laid out. The simulation of the structure was carried out using MEMS-CAD Tool COVENTORWARE. The platinum resistor of 31.0 Ω is fabricated on SiO₂ membrane using lift-off technique. The bulk micromachining technique is used to create the suspended SiO₂ membrane. The temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of platinum used for temperature estimation of the hotplate is measured and found to be 2.2 × 10⁻³/°C. The test results indicate that the microhotplate consumes only 11.8 mW when heated up to 400 °C. For reliability testing, the hotplate is continuously operated at higher temperatures. It was found that at 404 °C, 508 °C and 595 °C, the microhotplate continuously operated up to 16.5 h, 4.3 h and 4 min respectively without degrading its performance. It can sustain at least 53 cycles pulse-mode of operation at 540 °C with ultra-low resistance and temperature drifts. The structure has maximum current capability of 19.06 mA and it can also sustain the ultrasonic vibration at least for 30 min without any damage.     

基于节点持续传输准则的认知传感器网络信道分配策略

在异构分级式认知传感器网络中,为提高数据分组的传输成功率,提出将节点划分为具备持续传输条件和不具备持续传输条件两类,两类节点分别以牺牲较多能耗和分配较优信道的方式提高数据分组的传输成功率,并由此得到一种集中式信道分配策略.为了降低节点在信息传输过程中每比特平均能耗,对数据分组自适应调节机制进行了优化,确保不具备持续传输条件的节点得到最优的传输数据分组大小.仿真结果证明,提出的分配策略和优化机制能够有效提高能量的使用效率,改善网络性能.     

虚拟实时服务:构架、算法及演进路径

提出了一种基于虚拟实时服务的协议构架,可有效发掘用户提出通信请求之前的“负时间轴”上的空闲时频资源或可再生能源,将用户可能感兴趣的内容以多播的方式预先推送到终端的存储器中,从而以非实时的通信提供虚拟实时服务,在确保服务质量的前提下大幅度提升频谱和能量效率.对终端缓存内容的选择算法进行了标准化,从而允许基站在本地预测用户已缓存的内容,并判断当前是否应发起推送和推送哪条内容;提出了虚拟实时服务涉及的若干关键算法,也给出了虚拟实时服务的演进途径及主要开放问题,旨在为相关新兴产业的技术发展提供参考.     

Eu3+掺杂Na2La2Ti3O10红色荧光粉的光谱性质

采用传统高温固相法制备了不同Eu³⁺浓 度掺杂的Na₂(La1－xEux) ₂Ti₃O10荧光粉,研究了Eu³⁺浓度 对样品结构及发光性质的影响。X射线衍射(XRD)结果表明Eu³⁺掺杂浓度不大于40%的 样品为四方相Na₂La₂Ti₃O10;当 Eu³⁺浓度达到60%时,出现了正交相NaEuTiO₄。对样品进行 激发、发射光谱的 测试发现,样品可被较 宽波段的紫外光有效激发,获得明亮的红橙色光发射,且Na₂La₂Ti₃O₁₀到Eu 3+存在有效的能量传递。利用 Van模型,证实了Eu³⁺间的交换相互作用是引发浓度猝灭的主要原因。利用Auzel模型 ,解释了Eu³⁺发光的自猝 灭行为。测试了样品在不同温度下的发射光谱和时间衰减曲线,确定样品发光产生 温度猝灭的主 要机理是Crossover过程。利用Arrhenius公式对实验数据进行拟合,确定激活能值约为0.26eV,说明Na₂(La1－xEux)₂Ti₃O₁₀荧光粉具有较好的发光热稳定性。     

Covalent Functionalization of Pristine and Ga-Doped Boron Phosphide Nanotubes with Imidazole

Abstract

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the B3LYP/6–31G* level were performed to investigate covalent functionalization of imidazole on pristine (in gas and H₂O phases) and Ga-doped BPNT models in terms of energetic, geometric, and electronic properties. The results show that imidazole, as a functional group, prefers to be adsorbed via its nitrogen atom on the pristine, Ga_B, and Ga_P nanotube models. The adsorption energy of imidazole on the (6,0) zigzag BPNT in gas and solvent phases is ?0.76 and ?1.11 eV, respectively, and about 0.38 and 0.43 electron are transferred from the imidazole to nanotube in the phases. The presence of a polar solvent increases the electron donor of imidazole molecule. The results show that Ga doping can significantly enhance the adsorption energy of imidazole on the nanotube models to about 95%.

Moreover, the imidazole adsorption on the pristine and Ga-doped BPNT models has not significant changes in the energy gap of the nanotube models and it is slightly changed after covalent functionalization process. This study may provide new insight to the development of functionalized boron phosphide nanotubes for generation of the new hybrid compounds especially in drug delivery systems for virtual applications.     

Kinetics of Alkaline Hydrolysis of Quaternary Phosphonium Salts. The Influence of Protic and Aprotic Solvents on the Hydrolysis of Alkyl Phenylphosphonium Salts

Abstract

Third order rate constants have been determined for the alkaline hydrolysis of four series of alkylphenylphosphonium salts and alkylphenylbenzylphosphonium salts at various temperatures in 50%–70% ^v/_v aqueous tetrahydrofuran and 70% ^v/_v aqueous methanol. Thermodynamic activation parameters have been calculated for the reactions of each substrate and the effects of varying the ratio of alkyl to phenyl groups have been compared, as well as the effects of changes in the nature of the alkyl group. Solvation, as revealed by trends in entropy of activation, plays a largely counter-balancing role with respect to enthalpy and energy of activation. The role of the isokinetic effect is discussed. In aqueous tetrahydrofuran, solvation effects on the hydrolyses of phosphonium salts change as the mole fraction of water changes, and for aqueous methanol the trends in the thermodynamic activation parameters actually reverse.     

Phosphorus and Energy Recovery from Manure and Digestion Residues

Abstract

Human and animal excrements, in particular manure, stand for a significant and undisputable source of plant nutrients and renewable energy. In Europe, only 36% of P-inputs to soils originate from primary resources (rock phosphate) whereas 63% come from animal and human excretions applied to cropland as manure, digestion residues and sewage sludge. Simultaneously these waste flows represent a potential hazard to human health and aquatic bodies because of pathogens and eutrophication. Management of these waste flows is far from being sustainable, in part due to the lack of efficient processing technologies. A cooperative InnoEnergy—EIT financed KIC Knowledge and Innovation Community—research project pursues development and demonstration of highly efficient technologies to overcome the constraints and to yield renewable phosphate fertilizers and energy from waste flows that may have a combined technical energy potential of 3,600 PJ/year and an annual phosphate recovery potential of 4.5–5.5 million tonnes (as P₂O₅) in Europe.     

QM/MM Studies on Cyclodextrin-Alcohol Interaction

The main objective of this study is to provide an insight into the interactions involved during adsorption of the alcohols on β-CD composite nanostructured membrane. Interactions between β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and alcohols (methanol, ethanol and butanol) are studied using the QM/MM method. Magnitude of interaction energies show that the alcohols are adsorbed on the membrane. In addition, the thermochemical analysis suggests that the formation of these host-guest complexes is enthalpy driven.