块状TiO2气凝胶的制备及其表征

随着以溶胶-凝胶法和超临界干燥技术为基础的气凝胶制备方法的逐步完善,已不断制备出多种气凝胶[1～3].由于TiO2具有半导体特性,它常被作为光催化剂而受到重视,但是TiO2气凝胶的结构强度远比SiO2气凝胶小,在制备过程中极易碎裂粉化,所以至今未见制备块状TiO2气凝胶的报道.Dagan等[4]曾用异钛酸丁酯为母体制得TiO2气凝胶,并发现水杨酸在TiO2气凝胶存在下的光解速率是一般TiO2粉末的10倍,但获得的仅为TiO2气凝胶粉末.张敬畅等[5]以无机盐为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法结合超临界干燥技术制备了纳米级TiO2气凝胶,也未能得到块状TiO2气凝胶材料. 本文报道以正钛酸丁酯为原料制备块状TiO2气凝胶的方法,并用TEM,SEM,XRD和IR等手段对所获得的气凝胶进行了结构表征.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备壳聚糖/SiO2杂化材料

以正丁酐（Butyric anhydride)、壳聚糖(Chitosan）、甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷（MPTMS）、正硅酸乙酯（TEOS）为原料,采用迈克尔加成反应合成了丁酰壳聚糖-MPTMS,配合酸催化sol-gel过程,制备了透明的壳聚糖/SiO2杂化材料,FTIR表征了杂化材料的结构。TGA,SEM以及力学性能测试结果表明,杂化材料的成型工艺对材料的表面形貌、热分解温度以及力学性能的影响显著。     

聚丙烯鱼眼与晶点的成因

聚乙烯 (PE)、聚氯乙烯 (PVC)、聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚丙烯 (PP)等高分子材料在加工成型为薄膜时 ,常会出现气泡或小粒子 ,因气泡形状与鱼眼(Fisheyes)相似 ,故得名 .有关鱼眼的成因 ,都认为与挤出混合不均一或与高分子融体的污染有关 [1～ 4 ] ,也有人从 GPC的数据推测与聚丙烯的低分子成份有关 [5] ,但未用具体样品进行研究 .本文的鱼眼是指 PP在制作编织袋过程中出现的小气泡 ,此气泡随薄膜吹塑比增大而增大 ,在拉伸方向呈现中部最薄的鱼眼 ,是吹塑过程中的爆破点 .使 PP编织丝的强度达不到应有的要求而影响质量 .本文的晶点是指在膜上…     

以硅胶为载体合成水不溶性季铵盐类杀菌剂

硅胶载体;水不溶性杀菌剂;以硅胶为载体合成水不溶性季铵盐类杀菌剂     

聚酰亚胺-二氧化硅杂化膜的制备及表征

 采用溶胶－凝胶法制备了两类具有不同二氧化硅含量的聚酰亚胺－二氧化硅（PI－SiO2）杂化膜,并用SEM,IR,TG－DTA,氮吸附和气体渗透性能测试等手段对该膜材料的表面形貌、结构、热性能、孔径分布和气体渗透性能进行了表征．结果表明,PI－SiO2膜材料中SiO2粒子的分散良好,与有机相之间存在着分相和键联;膜材料的玻璃化温度θg均随SiO2含量的增加而升高．相比之下,在酸性条件下制备的T系列杂化膜比在碱性条件下合成的S系列杂化膜对θg的影响更大一些;杂化膜具有较好的气体渗透性能和亲水性能,其H2O／N2和H2O／CH4的分离系数远大于努森扩散的理论值．     

Induction and Acceleration of Bonelike Apatite Formation on Tantalum Oxide Gel in Simulated Body Fluid

Untreated tantalum metal forms bonelike apatite layer on its surface in a simulated body fluid (SBF) after a long period. The apatite formation on the tantalum metal is significantly accelerated, when the metal was previously subjected to NaOH and heat treatments to form an amorphous sodium tantalate on its surface. The fast formation of the apatite on the NaOH- and heat-treated tantalum metal was explained as follows. The sodium tantalate on the surface of the metal releases the Na⁺ ion via exchange with H₃O⁺ ion in SBF to form a lot of Ta-OH groups on its surface. Thus formed Ta-OH groups induce the apatite nucleation and the released Na⁺ ion accelerates the apatite nucleation by increasing ionic activity product of the apatite in SBF due to increase in OH^– ion concentration. In the present study, in order to confirm this explanation, apatite formations on sodium tantalate gels with different Na/Ta atomic ratios, which were prepared by a sol-gel method were investigated. It was found that even Na₂O-free tantalum oxide gel forms the apatite on its surface in SBF. This proves that the Ta-OH groups abundant on the gel can induce the apatite nucleation. The apatite-forming ability of the gels increased with increasing Na/Ta atomic ratios of the gels. The sodium-containing tantalum oxide gels released the Na⁺ ion, the amount of which increased with increasing Na/Ta atomic ratios of the gels. The released Na⁺ ion gave an increase in pH of SBF. These results prove that the apatite nucleation induced by the Ta-OH groups is accelerated with the released Na⁺ ion by increasing ionic activity product of the apatite in SBF.     

Chromatographic study of adsorption from binary and ternary solutions

Adsorption of benzene, anisole, and nitrobenzene on hydroxylated silica gel from binary and ternary solutions (adsorbate--n-hexane and adsorbate--n-hexane--terahydrofuran) was studied by HPLC. The equation that describes the adsorbate retention as a function of its concentration in binary and ternary solutions was proposed. The equation makes it possible to calculate the adsorption isotherms and adsorption equilibrium constants directly from chromatograms using the retention parameters and equilibrium concentrations of the adsorbate in the mobile phase.     

Relationship between the hydration degree of poly-N-isopropylacrylamide gel and activity of immobilized α-chymotrypsin

The influence of the pH, temperature, and dimethyl sulfoxide concentration on the hydration degree of the poly-N-isopropylacrylamide gel and the activity of -chymotrypsin immobilized into the polymer was studied. The behavior of more hydrophilic preparations based on polyacrylamide and copolymer of acrylamide and acrylic acid was studied for comparison. An increase in both the temperature and dimethyl sulfoxide content decreases the hydration of the poly-N-isopropylacrylamide, which correlates with a decrease in the activity of the immobilized enzyme. The use of substrates with different structures and an irreversible inhibitor proves that the change in the properties of -chymotrypsin immobilized into the poly-N-isopropylacrylamide gel is related to the change in the rate constants of enzymatic reactions. Comparison of all experimental data obtained suggested an opportunity of local interactions between the protein globule and polymeric chains with a change in the hydration degree of poly-N-isopropylacrylamide during its phase transition.     

Silica gel-mediated hydrohalogenation of unactivated alkenes using hydrohalogenic acids under organic solvent-free conditions

Silica gel-mediated hydrochlorination of unactivated alkenes using 35% hydrochloric acid under organic solvent-free conditions proceeded to give the corresponding chlorides in good yields. Hydrobromination or hydriodination using 47% hydrobromic acid or 55% hydriodic acid afforded the corresponding halides, respectively. Silica gel could be recycled five times without any significant loss of activities.     

A Stable Quasi‐Solid‐State Sodium–Sulfur Battery

Ambient‐temperature sodium–sulfur (Na–S) batteries are considered a promising energy storage system due to their high theoretical energy density and low costs. However, great challenges remain in achieving a high rechargeable capacity and long cycle life. Herein we report a stable quasi‐solid‐state Na‐S battery enabled by a poly(S‐pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (PETEA))‐based cathode and a (PETEA‐tris[2‐(acryloyloxy)ethyl] isocyanurate (THEICTA))‐based gel polymer electrolyte. The polymeric sulfur electrode strongly anchors sulfur through chemical binding and inhibits the shuttle effect. Meanwhile, the in situ formed polymer electrolyte with high ionic conductivity and enhanced safety successfully stabilizes the Na anode/electrolyte interface, and simultaneously immobilizes soluble Na polysulfides. The as‐developed quasi‐solid‐state Na‐S cells exhibit a high reversible capacity of 877 mA h g^?1 at 0.1 C and an extended cycling stability.