Recent developments in the stereological analysis of particles

Recent developments in the stereological analysis of particles are reviewed. The trend has been towards methods which are applicable without specific assumptions about particle shape. Geometric samples of a local 3-d character are used. Stereological estimators of particle intensity, particle size distribution and particle interaction are presented and discussed.An earlier version of this article was presented at the Symposium on the Analysis of Statistical Information held in the Institute of Statistical Mathematics, Tokyo during December 5–8, 1989.     

Condition of extremum for eigenvalues of elliptic boundary-value problems

In this paper, we consider problems of eigenvalue optimization for elliptic boundary-value problems. The coefficients of the higher derivatives are determined by the internal characteristics of the medium and play the role of control. The necessary conditions of the first and second order for problems of the first eigenvalue maximization are presented. In the case where the maximum is reached on a simple eigenvalue, the second-order condition is formulated as completeness condition for a system of functions in Banach space. If the maximum is reached on a double eigenvalue, the necessary condition is presented in the form of linear dependence for a system of functions. In both cases, the system is comprised of the eigenfunctions of the initial-boundary value problem. As an example, we consider the problem of maximization of the first eigenvalue of a buckling column that lies on an elastic foundation.     

Second-order effects of the output resonance and frequency-locking in an electro-optic bistable system

Based on the dynamic equations of an electro-optic bistable system with delay in its feedback loop, we theoretically investigate second-order effects of the output resonance and frequency-locking of the system.     

New Relaxation Method for Mathematical Programs with Complementarity Constraints

In this paper, we present a new relaxation method for mathematical programs with complementarity constraints. Based on the fact that a variational inequality problem defined on a simplex can be represented by a finite number of inequalities, we use an expansive simplex instead of the nonnegative orthant involved in the complementarity constraints. We then remove some inequalities and obtain a standard nonlinear program. We show that the linear independence constraint qualification or the Mangasarian–Fromovitz constraint qualification holds for the relaxed problem under some mild conditions. We consider also a limiting behavior of the relaxed problem. We prove that any accumulation point of stationary points of the relaxed problems is a weakly stationary point of the original problem and that, if the function involved in the complementarity constraints does not vanish at this point, it is C-stationary. We obtain also some sufficient conditions of B-stationarity for a feasible point of the original problem. In particular, some conditions described by the eigenvalues of the Hessian matrices of the Lagrangian functions of the relaxed problems are new and can be verified easily. Our limited numerical experience indicates that the proposed approach is promising.     

An experiment to test the reality of de Broglie waves

A second-order interferometric experiment in which de Broglie waves pass through a set of beamsplitters and progressively lose intensity, leading to a decrease in the visibility, is presented. On the contrary, since the intensity reduction is the same in the two overlapping waves, quantum mechanics predicts a constant visibility.     

相空间中二阶线性非完整系统的形式不变性

研究相空间中二阶线性非完整系统的形式不变性.给出相空间中二阶线性非完整系统形式不变性的定义和判据，得到形式不变性的结构方程和守恒量的形式，并举例说明结果的应用. 关键词： 相空间 二阶线性非完整系统 形式不变性 守恒量     

Necessary optimality conditions for abnormal problems with geometric constraints

The abnormal minimization problem with a finite-dimensional image and geometric constraints is examined. In particular, inequality constraints are included. Second-order necessary conditions for this problem are established that strengthen previously known results.     

A numerical study of flow over a confined backward-facing step

Numerical solutions using the SIMPLE algorithms for laminar flow over a backward-facing step are presented. Five differencing schemes were used: hybrid; quadratic upwind (QUICK); second-order upwind (SOUD); central-differencing and a novel scheme named second-order upwind biased (SOUBD). The SOUBD scheme is shown to be part of a family of schemes which include the central-differencing, SOUD and QUICK schemes for uniform grids. The results of the backward-facing step problem are presented and are compared with other numerical solutions and experimental data to evaluate the accuracy of the differencing schemes. The accuracy of the differencing schemes was ascertained by using uniform grids of various grid densities. The QUICK, SOUBD and SOUD schemes gave very similar accurate results. The hybrid scheme suffered from excessive diffusion except for the finest grids and the central-differencing scheme only converged for the finest grids.     

Parabolic Equations with Measurable Coefficients

We investigate the unique solvability of second order parabolic equations in non-divergence form in , p ≥ 2. The leading coefficients are only measurable in either one spatial variable or time and one spatial variable. In addition, they are VMO (vanishing mean oscillation) with respect to the remaining variables. The second author was partially supported by NSF Grant DMS-0140405.