Energy-efficient beamforming optimization for MISO communication based on reconfigurable intelligent surface

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), a planar metasurface consisting of a large number of low-cost reflecting elements, has received much attention due to its ability to improve both the spectrum and energy efficiency (EE) by reconfiguring the wireless propagation environment. In this paper, we propose a base station (BS) beamforming and RIS phase shift optimization technique that maximizes the EE of a RIS-aided multiple-input–single-output system. In particular, considering the system circuits’ energy consumption, an EE maximization problem is formulated by jointly optimizing the active beamforming at the BS and the passive beamforming at the RIS, under the constraints of each user’ rate requirement, the BS’s maximal transmit power budget and unit-modulus constraint of the RIS phase shifts. Due to the coupling of optimization variables, this problem is a complex non-convex optimization problem, and it is challenging to solve it directly. To overcome this obstacle, we divide the problem into active and passive beamforming optimization subproblems. For the first subproblem, the active beamforming is given by the maximum ratio transmission optimal strategy. For the second subproblem, the optimal phase shift matrix at the RIS is obtained by exploiting sine cosine algorithm (SCA). Moreover, for this case where each reflection element’s working state is controlled by a circuit switch, each reflection element’s switch value is optimized with the aid of particle swarm optimization algorithm. Finally, numerical results verify the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm compared to other algorithms.     

Delay optimization and energy balancing algorithm for improving network lifetime in fixed wireless sensor networks

Since wireless in terms of energy-restricted processes, dispersion radii, processing power limitations, buffers, bandwidth-limited connections, active network topologies, and network stream of traffic outlines, sensor networks provide difficult design issues. The number of hops and latency are decreased if there is a relay mote because it interacts directly with relay motes that are closer to the destination mote. The tremendous intensive research in the area of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has gained a lot of significance among the technical community and research. The job of WSN is to sense the data using sensor motes, pass on the data to the destination detection mote which is associated with a processing center and can be used in multiple spans of Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Wireless sensor network has a set of sensor motes. By making use of sensor mote placement strategy all the sensor motes are spread in an area with each mote having its own exceptional location. Internet of things applications are delay sensitive those applications have a challenge of forming the complete path at a lower delay constraint. The proposal is to modify the game theory energy balancing algorithm by making use of relay motes so that overall network lifetime is increased. It has been proved that modified GTEB is better with respect to existing algorithms in terms of delay, figure of hops, energy depletion, figure of alive motes, figure of dead motes, lifespan ratio, routing overhead and throughput.     

干涉显微镜中相移误差分析

相移误差是影响干涉显微镜测量表面形貌精度的主要因素之一。介绍了四帧算法、五帧算法、四帧免疫算法、五帧免疫算法的原理和计算公式 ,并对其特点进行了分析比较。利用自行研制的带旋转检偏器的干涉显微测量系统 ,分别用四种算法对Ra=0 35μm和Ra=0 .0 9μm粗糙度样块进行了实测。结果表明 ,五帧算法的重复测量精度优于0 5nm ,五帧免疫算法的重复测量精度优于 0 3nm。同时对在普通干涉显微镜上进一步提高其测量精度做了初步探讨     

Optical image conversion and encryption by diffraction,phase retrieval algorithm and incoherent superposition

In this paper, an optical encryption system is proposed based on tricolor principle, Fresnel diffraction, and phase iterative algorithms. Different from the traditional encryption system, the encrypted image of this system is a color image and the plaintext of it is a gray image, which can achieve the combination of a color image and a gray image and the conversion of one image to another image. Phase masks can be generated by using the phase iterative algorithms in this paper. The six phase masks and the six diffracting distances are all essential keys in the process of decryption, which can greatly enhance the system security. Numerical simulations are shown to prove the possibility and safety of the method.     

Optical noise-free image encryption based on quick response code and high dimension chaotic system in gyrator transform domain

A novel optical image encryption scheme is proposed based on quick response code and high dimension chaotic system, where only the intensity distribution of encoded information is recorded as ciphertext. Initially, the quick response code is engendered from the plain image and placed in the input plane of the double random phase encoding architecture. Then, the code is encrypted to the ciphertext with noise-like distribution by using two cascaded gyrator transforms. In the process of encryption, the parameters such as rotation angles and random phase masks are generated as interim variables and functions based on Chen system. A new phase retrieval algorithm is designed to reconstruct the initial quick response code in the process of decryption, in which a priori information such as three position detection patterns is used as the support constraint. The original image can be obtained without any energy loss by scanning the decrypted code with mobile devices. The ciphertext image is the real-valued function which is more convenient for storing and transmitting. Meanwhile, the security of the proposed scheme is enhanced greatly due to high sensitivity of initial values of Chen system. Extensive cryptanalysis and simulation have performed to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed scheme.     

非线性热传导方程的分组隐式解法及数值结果

对于激光物理研究中提出的一个非线性热传导问题,利用Saul'yev非对称格式构造了适合并行计算的分组隐式解法.数值试验表明,新算法与通常的隐式算法计算精度相当,迭代次数相同.     

可见-近红外光谱的土壤养分快速检测

在测定土壤养分中,可见-近红外光谱技术具有很大的应用空间。该研究探讨了基于可见-近红外光谱(250~950nm)离线、快速测定土壤总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、总钾(TK)、总碳(TC)等土壤养分的方法及应用。采集青岛三个不同地区土壤样品(异质性较高的山地土壤与河畔土壤)各60份,总计180份,并测定其TN,TP,TK,TC含量及其可见-近红外反射光谱,利用Kennard-Stone法按2∶1比例划分校正集和检验集,采用遗传算法分别提取TN,TP,TK,TC特征波长,以偏最小二乘法建立定量分析模型。TN,TP,TK,TC含量所建光谱模型的相关系数分别为0.970,0.964,0.680和0.967,检验集的相关系数分别为0.980,0.937,0.717和0.972,检验集的RPD值分别为4.570,2.424,1.411和4.135。结果表明,该方法能够对土壤TN,TP,TC含量进行精确预测,对土壤TK含量进行粗略预测。该研究主要依靠可见光波段,较好的预测了异质性较高的土壤的氮磷钾等养分含量,有望降低未来土壤养分速测的成本。此外,该研究还提供了青岛土壤养分的光谱库,为我国土壤大数据库的建立提供技术支撑。     

Local structure-preserving methods for the generalized Rosenau-RLW-KdV equation with power law nonlinearity

Local structure-preserving algorithms including multi-symplectic, local energy-and momentum-preserving schemes are proposed for the generalized Rosenau–RLW–Kd V equation based on the multi-symplectic Hamiltonian formula of the equation. Each of the present algorithms holds a discrete conservation law in any time–space region. For the original problem subjected to appropriate boundary conditions, these algorithms will be globally conservative. Discrete fast Fourier transform makes a significant improvement to the computational efficiency of schemes. Numerical results show that the proposed algorithms have satisfactory performance in providing an accurate solution and preserving the discrete invariants.     

灰霾背景下基于最优链路的低轨道量子卫星星间切换策略

为了应对灰霾对星地量子通信信道所带来的突发性干扰,根据灰霾天气下量子信号在自由空间中的衰减指数,本文提出了一种基于信号功率衰减最低的最优链路量子卫星切换策略。当目前的星地链路参数满足切换条件时,地面用户通过对不同信道中量子信号功率衰减系数的比对,测试到最小衰减卫星链路,基于对光子态Bell基的测量,完成卫星间的量子纠缠交换,建立新的纠缠信道,保证通信在切换过程中的连续性。仿真结果表明,当系统呼损率为5%,能见度为1km,地面用户数分别为50、100、300,轨道高度为300km和1400km时,量子卫星的切换成功率分别为95%、93.6%、91.8%和92%、90%、87%。由此可见,本策略能够在保证通信可靠性的前提下,实现星地间量子信道的平稳切换,提高量子卫星通信系统在灰霾背景下链路的有效性。     

A primitive-variable Riemann method for solution of the shallow water equations with wetting and drying

A Riemann flux that uses primitive variables rather than conserved variables is developed for the shallow water equations with nonuniform bathymetry. This primitive-variable flux is both conservative and well behaved at zero depth. The unstructured finite-volume discretization used is suitable for highly nonuniform grids that provide resolution of complex geometries and localized flow structures. A source-term discretization is derived for nonuniform bottom that balances the discrete flux integral both for still water and in dry regions. This primitive-variable formulation is uniformly valid in wet and dry regions with embedded wetting and drying fronts. A fully nonlinear implicit scheme and both nonlinear and time-linearized explicit schemes are developed for the time integration. The implicit scheme is solved by a parallel Newton-iterative algorithm with numerically computed flux Jacobians. A concise treatment of characteristic-variable boundary conditions with source terms is also given. Computed results obtained for the one-dimensional dam break on wet and dry beds and for normal-mode oscillations in a circular parabolic basin are in very close agreement with the analytical solutions. Other results for a forced breaking wave with friction interacting with a sloped bottom demonstrate a complex wave motion with wetting, drying and multiple interacting wave fronts. Finally, a highly nonuniform, coastline-conforming unstructured grid is used to demonstrate an unsteady simulation that models an artificial coastal flooding due to a forced wave entering the Gulf of Mexico.