全文获取类型
收费全文 | 13914篇 |
免费 | 3741篇 |
国内免费 | 1739篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 4138篇 |
晶体学 | 74篇 |
力学 | 220篇 |
综合类 | 80篇 |
数学 | 870篇 |
物理学 | 10642篇 |
无线电 | 3370篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 54篇 |
2023年 | 245篇 |
2022年 | 537篇 |
2021年 | 634篇 |
2020年 | 564篇 |
2019年 | 518篇 |
2018年 | 461篇 |
2017年 | 534篇 |
2016年 | 705篇 |
2015年 | 666篇 |
2014年 | 881篇 |
2013年 | 1097篇 |
2012年 | 917篇 |
2011年 | 1056篇 |
2010年 | 832篇 |
2009年 | 861篇 |
2008年 | 1088篇 |
2007年 | 978篇 |
2006年 | 1019篇 |
2005年 | 871篇 |
2004年 | 777篇 |
2003年 | 632篇 |
2002年 | 608篇 |
2001年 | 474篇 |
2000年 | 513篇 |
1999年 | 335篇 |
1998年 | 338篇 |
1997年 | 242篇 |
1996年 | 151篇 |
1995年 | 138篇 |
1994年 | 113篇 |
1993年 | 88篇 |
1992年 | 88篇 |
1991年 | 58篇 |
1990年 | 70篇 |
1989年 | 72篇 |
1988年 | 31篇 |
1987年 | 20篇 |
1986年 | 27篇 |
1985年 | 21篇 |
1984年 | 19篇 |
1983年 | 9篇 |
1982年 | 9篇 |
1981年 | 8篇 |
1980年 | 4篇 |
1978年 | 7篇 |
1977年 | 3篇 |
1976年 | 5篇 |
1975年 | 3篇 |
1972年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 734 毫秒
101.
M. Knaapila R. Stepanyan B.P. Lyons M. Torkkeli A.P. Monkman 《Advanced functional materials》2006,16(5):599-609
This account highlights recent progress towards understanding the complex hierarchical levels of solid‐state structure in a prototypical helical hairy‐rod polyfluorene, poly[9,9‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)fluorene‐2,7‐diyl] (or PF2/6). This branched‐side‐chain containing polyfluorene undergoes a systematic intermolecular self‐assembly and liquid‐crystalline phase behavior in combination with uniaxial and biaxial alignment. The latter processes yield full three‐dimensional orientation of the crystallites and polymer chains. Also reviewed are the impact of the molecular structure and phase behavior on surface morphology, anisotropic film formation, and, ultimately, the overall impact of these physical attributes on optical constants. This particular polyfluorene also represents a model system for demonstrating the applicability of mean‐field theory in detailing the self‐organization of aligned hairy‐rod block‐copolymer systems. These results of PF2/6 are compared to those of other archetypical π‐conjugated hairy‐rod polymers. General guidelines of how molecular weight influences nanostructure, phase behavior, alignment, and surface morphology are given. 相似文献
102.
G. Lanyi 《Foundations of Physics》2003,33(3):511-528
In 1916, Einstein rederived the blackbody radiation law of Planck that originated the idea of quantized energy one hundred years ago. For this purpose, Einstein introduced the concept of transition probability, which had a profound influence on the development of quantum theory. In this article, we adopt Einstein's assumptions with two exceptions and seek the statistical condition for the thermal equilibrium of matter without referring to the inner details of either statistical thermodynamics or quantum theory. It is shown that the conditions of thermodynamic equilibrium of electromagnetic radiation and the energy balance of thermal radiation by the matter, between any of its two energy-states, not only result in Planck's radiation law and the Bohr frequency condition, but they remarkably yield the law of the statistical thermal equilibrium of matter: the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. Since the transition probabilities of the modern quantum theory of radiation coincide with their definition in Einstein's theory of blackbody radiation, the presented deduction of the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution is equally valid within the bounds of modern quantum theory. Consequently, within the framework of the fundamental assumptions, the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution of energy-states is not only a sufficient, but a necessary condition for thermal equilibrium between the matter and radiation. 相似文献
103.
R. Meyer Hilde Hardtdegen R. Carius D. Grützmacher M. Stollenwerk P. Balk A. Kux B. Meyer 《Journal of Electronic Materials》1992,21(3):293-298
This paper presents a study of the structural and optical properties of strained GaInAs/ InP multiple quantum well (MQW) structures
fabricated by LP-MOVPE. The composition of the Ga
x
In1−x
As films ranged fromx = 0.17 tox = 1.0 and was determined by sputtered neutral mass spectrometry (SNMS) on thick layers. The structures of the MQW samples
with well widths from 1.5 to 5 nm were investigated by high resolution x-ray diffraction (HR-XRD). Simulations of the diffraction
patterns showed that transition layers of approximately 2 monolayer (ML) thickness with high lattice mismatch exist at the
interfaces. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements indicate well widths of a multiple of a monolayer with local variations of
one monolayer. The PL peak energies vary smoothly with the Ga concentration. These results were confirmed by optical absorption
measurements. 相似文献
104.
P. Schlagheck A. Buchleitner 《The European Physical Journal D - Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics》2003,22(3):401-415
We provide a detailed quantum treatment of the spectral characteristics and of the dynamics of nondispersive two-electron
wave packets along the periodically driven, collinear frozen planet configuration of helium. These highly correlated, long-lived
wave packets arise as a quantum manifestation of regular islands in a mixed classical phase space, which are induced by nonlinear
resonances between the external driving and the unperturbed dynamics of the frozen-planet configuration. Particular emphasis
is given to the dependence of the ionization rates of the wave packet states on the driving field parameters and on the quantum
mechanical phase space resolution, preceded by a comparison of 1D and 3D life times of the unperturbed frozen planet. Furthermore,
we study the effect of a superimposed static electric field component, which, on the grounds of classical considerations,
is expected to stabilize the real 3D dynamics against large (and possibly ionizing) deviations from collinearity.
Received 7 November 2002 / Received in final form 2 December 2002 Published online 28 January 2003 相似文献
105.
A. Vukics H. Ritsch 《The European Physical Journal D - Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics》2007,44(3):585-599
We present a framework for efficiently performing Monte Carlo
wave-function simulations in cavity QED with moving particles. It
relies heavily on the object-oriented programming paradigm as realised
in C++, and is extensible and applicable for simulating open
interacting qua
ntum dynamics in general. The user is provided with a
number of “elements”, e.g. pumped moving particles, pumped lossy
cavity modes, and various interactions to compose complex interacting
systems, which contain several particles moving in electromagnetic
fields of various configurations, and perform wave-function
simulations on such systems. A number of tools are provided to
facilitate the implementation of new elements. 相似文献
106.
107.
C. Fabre U. Andersen H. Bachor B. Buchler S. Gigan P. K. Lam A. Maître N. Treps 《Superlattices and Microstructures》2002,32(4-6)
Optical images can be used to transport, store and process information in a parallel way. We discuss different results obtained in the domain of ‘quantum imaging’, aiming at exploiting at the same time the quantum properties of optical images and their intrinsic parallelism. We define the notion of standard quantum limit (SQL) in optical resolution, set by the quantum noise of usual coherent light, and show that it can be much lower than the diffraction limit. We also prove that this limit can be circumvented by especially designed nonclassical and multimode light. We present an experiment showing that OPOs oscillating inside an exactly confocal cavity actually produce such transverse multimode nonclassical light. We finally describe another experiment which has surpassed the SQL in the case of beam positioning, both in the 1D and 2D cases. 相似文献
108.
We show that the complex projection of a completely positive quaternionic map of quaternionic density matrices is a positive
map in the space of complex density matrices, and we briefly outline some of its properties. To illustrate this result, we
study the complex projection of a one-parameter quaternionic unitary dynamics of a spin-1/2 quantum system.
__________
Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Matematicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 151, No. 3, pp. 360–370, June, 2007. 相似文献
109.
The methods for the few-body system are introduced to investigate the states of the barrier Li quantumdots (QDs) in an arbitrary strength of magnetic field. The configuration, which consists of a positive ion located on thez-axis at a distance d from the two-dimensional QD plane (the x-y plane) and three electrons in the dot plane boundby the positive ion, is called a barrier Li center. The system, which consists of three electrons in the dot plane bound bythe ion, is called a barrier Li QD. The dependence of energy of the state of the barrier Li QD on an external magneticfield B and the distance d is obtained. The angular momentum L of the ground states is found to jump not only withthe variation of B but also with d. 相似文献
110.
Diming Lu 《中国科学A辑(英文版)》1998,41(2):139-146
Let (H,R) be a triangular Hopf algebra. The monoidal functors on the category of representations ofH is studied, and a universal quantum commutative algebraSeR(M) and a dual H°-comoduleM° for any H-moduleM with an integrale are constructed. Both constructions given here have tensor isomorphism properties.
Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China. 相似文献