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91.
Brian Joseph Edwards Mohammad Hadi Nafar Sefiddashti Bamin Khomami 《Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)》2022,24(2)
The challenge of calculating nonequilibrium entropy in polymeric liquids undergoing flow was addressed from the perspective of extending equilibrium thermodynamics to include internal variables that quantify the internal microstructure of chain-like macromolecules and then applying these principles to nonequilibrium conditions under the presumption of an evolution of quasie equilibrium states in which the requisite internal variables relax on different time scales. The nonequilibrium entropy can be determined at various levels of coarse-graining of the polymer chains by statistical expressions involving nonequilibrium distribution functions that depend on the type of flow and the flow strength. Using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of a linear, monodisperse, entangled C1000H2002 polyethylene melt, nonequilibrium entropy was calculated directly from the nonequilibrium distribution functions, as well as from their second moments, and also using the radial distribution function at various levels of coarse-graining of the constituent macromolecular chains. Surprisingly, all these different methods of calculating the nonequilibrium entropy provide consistent values under both planar Couette and planar elongational flows. Combining the nonequilibrium entropy with the internal energy allows determination of the Helmholtz free energy, which is used as a generating function of flow dynamics in nonequilibrium thermodynamic theory. 相似文献
92.
提出了能量色散型X射线荧光光谱测定聚合物材料中镉和铅的测试分析方法及制样技巧。按照仪器分析条件测定同时含有镉和铅的6块不同浓度级别的标准物质来建立校准工作曲线,其线性范围分别在250ug·g-1、1100ug·g-1以内。镉和铅的方法检出限依次为4.7ug·g-1、4.1ug·g-1。该方法应用于测定欧洲标准物质ERM-EC680和ERM-EC681k,其镉和铅的实际测定值与标准物质证书的标称值相符,测定实际样品中的镉和铅的回收率介于90~110%。该方法测定标准物质和实际样品中镉和铅的精密度均小于10%。 相似文献
93.
Maria Catarina Coutinho Varela da Silva João Luís Maia Figueirinhas 《Liquid crystals》2016,43(1):124-130
A number of polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films based on dimethacrylate monomers were synthesised by polymer-induced phase separation (PIPS) using polyethylene glycol p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-phenyl ether (TX-100) as an additive up to total solution weight of 10% aiming to modify the initial anchorage force of the liquid crystal (LC) molecules to the polymeric matrix. The effects of the addition of this additive to the PDLC films were studied resorting to electro-optical studies. Using a fitting model, several parameters were correlated such as the permanent memory effect (PME), the voltage required to achieve 90% of maximum transmittance (E90), the average elastic constant (K) and the rotational viscosity of the director (γ). The use of TX-100 results on an increase on the PME and γ, and decrease on the E90 and K. 相似文献
94.
Gerard A. van Albada Nora Veldman Anthony L. Spek Jan Reedijk 《Journal of chemical crystallography》2000,30(1):69-72
The title compound, catena-[bis(azido-N)-copper(II)-(bis(2-benzimidazolyl)butane), [Cu(C18H18N4)(N3)2]n, was obtained from the reaction of the ligand bis(2-benzimidazolyl)butane and Cu(N3)2. The x-ray crystal structure is reported. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 8.2524(10), b = 12.765(5), c = 9.1125(15) Å, = 106.423(12)°, Z = 2. The Cu(II) ions are square-planar coordinated with trans-oriented end-on binding azido ligands. The structure is a polynuclear chain with the benzimidazole bridging at each end. In addition a N(ligand)-H···N(azido) H-bridge [N(ligand)···N(azido) = 2.994(7) Å] is present, resulting in a pseudo 2-dimensional lattice. The characteristic azido infrared vibrations are found at 2060 and 2077 cm–1 (as(N3)) and 1284 and 1297 cm–1 ((N3)). 相似文献
95.
Dequan Zhuang Jun Nie Jing Yang 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2011,49(9):1999-2007
In this work, a strategy for chemical synthesis of ascorbic acid functionalized polyacrylates (PAAA) was accomplished in a two‐step process, first a reversible addition fragmentation chain‐transfer (RAFT) polymerization on a benzyl‐protected ascorbyl acrylate monomer, followed by a deprotection (debenzylation) reaction. The polymers were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and gel permeation chromatograph. The polymerization ability of redox pair including PAAA and H2O2 were conducted through the measurement of 2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) conversion against time via real‐time FT‐NIR. It was found that PAAA in the presence of H2O2, independent on itself chain length, exhibited much faster polymerization than small molecule ascorbic acid (smAA) as reductant at identical condition. Interestingly, when the concentration of ascorbate repeating unit was over some critical value, the polymerization kinetics of HEA could be tunable by simply adjusting the initial molar ratio of reductant to oxidant and environmental pH. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011 相似文献
96.
Benchuan Zhu Guannan Qian Yuli Xiao Sheng Deng Meng Wang Aiguo Hu 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2011,49(24):5330-5338
Employing enediynes as crosslinking precursors, a novel yet efficient strategy, namely photo‐triggered Bergman cyclization, was integrated with intramolecular chain collapse to yield polymeric nanoparticles with the size regime below 20 nm. Enediyne motif was designed delicately to possess a high photo‐reactivity, with the double bond locked in a methyl benzoate ring while triple bonds substituted with phenyls. Single electron transfer‐living radical polymerization was conducted to provide linear acrylate copolymers with controlled molecular weights and narrow polydispersities. Poly(butylarylate‐co‐ 5 ) went through UV‐irradiation with a concurrent Bergman cyclization, resulting in well‐defined ultrafine polymeric nanoparticles. Results from NMR, Raman scattering, photoluminescence and UV‐vis spectra corroborated the presence of conjugative structures in the polymeric nanoparticles, indicating the occurrence of photo‐induced Bergman cyclization. A series of other acrylate‐based nanoparticles were investigated to confirm the applicability of such a unique strategy in thermal sensitive but UV‐stable polymeric structures, making photo‐Bergman cyclization a promising tool towards polymeric nanoparticles. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011 相似文献
97.
98.
V. S. Nadkarni 《Indian Journal of Physics》2009,83(6):805-811
This article describes our attempts since 1996 to systematically design and synthesize monomers and corresponding polymers
for nuclear track detection. So far more than 15 homopolymers/copolymers have been prepared and tested by us for this purpose.
Some of these polymers show better track detection characteristics vis-á-vis commercially available poly allyl diglycol carbonate (PADC) track detectors.
相似文献
99.
《Macromolecular rapid communications》2017,38(21)
Biocompatible fluorescent polymeric nanoparticles (FPNs) are promising luminescent probes in cellular bioimaging, while the fabrication of high‐quantum‐yield FPN using nonconjugated heterochain polymers derived from step‐growth polymerization is still in its infancy. Herein, the nonconjugated polyarylene ether nitrile (PEN) is endowed with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) feature by incorporation of an AIEgen named of 1,2‐di(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1,2‐diphenylethene into macromolecular backbone. Furthermore, the AIE‐active PEN is crosslinked into water soluble fluorescent nanospheres showing good biocompatibility and strong emission ≈480 nm with a quantum yield of 21% in the presence of Ca2+, which allows the successful bioimaging of cancer cells. Due to the facile fabrication of FPNs and their effective bioimaging performance, the current work will open the way for the biomedical applications of various high performance polyarylene ethers. 相似文献
100.
Theoretical and experimental research has been performed on the interaction curves and stress paths of crystallinepolymeric materials PE and POM under tensile-torsional stress with a linearly intensifying model and in terms of the yield points undergoing Von Mises criterion. 相似文献