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91.
Xinyu Huang Roham Solasi Yue Zou Matthew Feshler Kenneth Reifsnider David Condit Sergei Burlatsky Thomas Madden 《Journal of Polymer Science.Polymer Physics》2006,44(16):2346-2357
The life of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) is currently limited by the mechanical endurance of polymer electrolyte membranes and membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs). In this paper, the authors report recent experimental and modeling work toward understanding the mechanisms of delayed mechanical failures of polymer electrolyte membranes and MEAs under relevant PEMFC operating conditions. Mechanical breach of membranes/MEAs in the form of pinholes and tears has been frequently observed after long‐term or accelerated testing of PEMFC cells/stacks. Catastrophic failure of cell/stack due to rapid gas crossover shortly follows the mechanical breach. Ex situ mechanical characterizations were performed on MEAs after being subjected to the accelerated chemical aging and relative humidity (RH) cycling tests. The results showed significant reduction of MEA ductility manifested as drastically reduced strain‐to‐failure of the chemically aged and RH‐cycled MEAs. Postmortem analysis revealed the formation and growth of mechanical defects such as cracks and crazing in the membranes and MEAs. A finite element model was used to estimate stress/strain states of an edge‐constrained MEA under rapid RH variations. Damage metrics for accelerated testing and life prediction of PEMFCs are discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 2346–2357, 2006 相似文献
92.
This study describes the preparation of polypyrrole (PPy)/multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) composites by in situ chemical oxidative polymerization. Various ratios of MWNTs, which served as hard templates, were first dispersed in aqueous solutions with the surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide to form micelle/MWNT templates and overcome the difficulty of MWNTs dispersing into insoluble solutions of pyrrole monomer, and PPy was then synthesized via in situ chemical oxidative polymerization on the surface of the templates. Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) were used to characterize the structure and morphology of the fabricated composites. Structural analysis using FESEM and HRTEM showed that the PPy/MWNT composites were core (MWNT)–shell (PPy) tubular structures. Raman and FTIR spectra of the composites were almost identical to those of PPy, supporting the idea that MWNTs served as the core in the formation of a coaxial nanostructure for the composites. The conductivities of these PPy/MWNT composites were about 150% higher than those of PPy without MWNTs. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 1413–1418, 2006 相似文献
93.
It is conceptually proposed that the total entropy of polymer solution is contributed from two distinct parts: the positional and the oomformational. The former can be represented analytically, while the latter can be simulated with the random self-avoiding walk model on the simple cubic lattice for multichain systems. The obtained results indicated that both the conformational entropy and the mixing heat are consistent with the scaling laws wry well. 相似文献
94.
Danch A. Lohner K. Ungerank M. Stelzer F. 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》1998,54(1):161-170
Bis [(ω-(4′-cyanobiphenyl)-4-yl)oxy-n-alkyl]norborn-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylate was polymerised via ring opening metathesis polymerisation
(ROMP). Two disubstituted polynorbornene derivatives both of cis configuration with different length of the side-chain were
studied. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to study the effect of thermal history on the assignment of the
glass transition event associated with the biaxial orientation of a smectic phase. Glass transition temperatures, the change
of isobaric specific heats at Tg and the enthalpies of isotropisation were calculated. The DSC traces only show the classic step-wise change in Tg in some cases, giving the evidence that the amorphous domains are constrained and highly restricted in movement due to the
morphology developed as a result of the biaxial stretching. Based on the literature data of mono- and disubstituted polynorbornene
derivatives and our calorimetric experiments, the shape of Tg dependence on number of (CH2) units is interpreted. The origin of this shape is discussed.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
95.
96.
Using the ligand pyridazine-3,6-dicarboxylate (H2pzdc), a coordination polymer [Cd2(pzdc)2(H2O)4] was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, thermal analysis, IR and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The complex crystallizes in the tetragonal system with space group I41/a. The crystallographic data are: a=1.470 6(4) nm, c=1.489 8(6) nm, V=3.222 0(19) nm3, Z=16, μ=2.725 mm-1, Dc=2.594 g·cm-3, R1=0.017 8, wR2=0.044 6. In the complex, the cadmium(Ⅱ) ions with the eight-coordinated dodecahedral geometry are linked by the pzdc ligands to generate one-dimensional chains, which are associated into the three-dimensional architecture via O-H…O hydrogen bonding. CCDC: 658853. 相似文献
97.
The dynamic viscoelastic response of the two-phase polymer blend systems shows the characteristics of the thermorheologically complex materials. In this paper theoretical equations for describing the dynamic viscoelastic response of such polymer blend systems have been established by means of the mechanical modeling technique. The dynamic viscoelastic response of the blend systems at any blend composition can be predicted theoretically by using the equations established, provided that the dynamic viscoelastic response of the two pure components and the mechanical model parameters are known in advance. Thus, we provide an effective method for studying the dynamic mechanical properties and the molecular relaxation characteristics of the two-phase polymer blend systems. 相似文献
98.
利用1,4-二-(4-羧基吡啶基)丁烷(L)合成了两个新的三维配位聚合物{(CdL2)·4H2O·2ClO4}n 1和{(ZnL2)·4H2O·2ClO4}n 2。单晶X-射线结构分析表明,1和2具有相同的计量式,但其晶体属于不同的空间群(1属于P4n2,2属于P4222)。两种配合物中,每个金属离子分别由配体与四个相邻的金属离子连接,从而形成具有六重穿插的金刚石网络结构,其网络中大的空腔被高氯酸根离子和(H2O)4分子簇所占据。 相似文献
99.
Mechanical analysis on rocket propellants 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Herder G. Weterings F. P. de Klerk W. P. C. 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》2003,72(3):921-929
The mechanical properties of solid rocket propellants are very important for good functioning of rocket motors. During use
and storage the mechanical properties of rocket propellants are changing, due to chemical and mechanical influences such as
thermal reactions, oxidation reactions or vibrations. These influences can result in malfunctioning, leading to an unwanted
explosion of the rocket motor. Most of modern rocket propellants consist of a polymer matrix (i.e. HTPB) filled with a crystalline
material (i.e. AP, AN). However, the more conventional double base propellants consist of a solid gel matrix with additives,
such as stabilizers. Both materials show a mechanical behaviour, quite similar to that of general polymers. To describe the
material behaviour of both propellants a linear visco-elastic theory is often used to describe the mechanical behaviour for
small deformations. Because the time-temperature dependency is also valid for these materials a mastercurve can be constituted.
With this mastercurve the response properties (stiffness) under extreme conditions can be determined. At TNO-PML a mastercurve
of a double base propellant was constituted using dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA) and compared with a mastercurve reduced
from conventional (static) stress relaxation tests. The mechanical properties of this double base propellant determined by
DMA were compared with conventional (quasi-static) tensile test results.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
100.
研究了合成聚(2,4-二甲氧基对苯乙炔)的有机可溶性前聚物的反应条件与单体转化率和前聚物产率的关系。实验结果表明:NaOH是聚合反应的有效引发剂,适宜的反应条件为:单体与NaOH摩尔比为1:1,单体浓度0.05-0.2mol/L,聚合时间2h,温度低5℃,正己烷、石油醚作为有机提取剂可有效提高前聚物产率。用IR、UV-Vis'^HNMR,TGA和 DSC对前聚物进行了表征。 相似文献