Studies on the blends of cardanol-based epoxidized novolac resin and CTPB

Cardanol-based novolac-type phenolic resins were synthesized with different mole ratios of cardanol-to-formaldehyde, viz., 1:0.6, 1:0.7, and 1:0.8. These novolac resins were epoxidized with molar excess of epichlorohydrin at 120 °C in basic medium. The epoxidized novolac resins were, separately, blended with different weight ratios of carboxyl-terminated polybutadiene liquid rubber ranging between 0-25 wt% with an interval of 5 wt%. All the blends were cured at 150 °C with 40 wt% polyamide. The formation of various products during the curing of blend samples has been studied by Fourier-transform infra-red spectroscopic analysis. The tensile strength and elongation-at-break of the cured samples increased up to 15 wt% in the blend and decreased thereafter. This blend sample was also found to be most thermally stable system. The blend morphology, studied by scanning electron microscopy analysis, was finally correlated with the structural and property changes in the blends.     

Hydrophilic segmented block copolymers based on poly(ethylene oxide) and monodisperse amide segments

Segmented block copolymers based on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) flexible segments and monodisperse crystallizable bisester tetra‐amide segments were made via a polycondensation reaction. The molecular weight of the PEO segments varied from 600 to 4600 g/mol and a bisester tetra‐amide segment (T6T6T) based on dimethyl terephthalate (T) and hexamethylenediamine (6) was used. The resulting copolymers were melt‐processable and transparent. The crystallinity of the copolymers was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR). The thermal properties were studied by DSC, temperature modulated synchrotron small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The elastic properties were evaluated by compression set (CS) test. The crystallinity of the T6T6T segments in the copolymers was high (>84%) and the crystallization fast due to the use of monodisperse tetra‐amide segments. DMA experiments showed that the materials had a low T_g, a broad and almost temperature independent rubbery plateau and a sharp flow temperature. With increasing PEO length both the PEO melting temperature and the PEO crystallinity increased. When the PEO segment length was longer than 2000 g/mol the PEO melting temperature was above room temperature and this resulted in a higher modulus and in higher compression set values at room temperature. The properties of PEO‐T6T6T copolymers were compared with similar poly(propylene oxide) and poly(tetramethylene oxide) copolymers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4522–4535, 2007     

Synthesis and characterization of 6‐ and 12‐arm star polymers by nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization of St and MA from dendritic TIPNO‐based hexafunctional and dodecafunctional macroinitiators

Dendritic multifunctional macroinitiators having six and 12 TIPNO‐based alkoxyamines, TIPNO‐6 and TIPNO‐12 , were synthesized and used in the living radical polymerization of styrene (St), methyl acrylate (MA), N,N‐dimethylacrylamide (DMAAm), and isoprene (IP). The polymerizations of St initiated with TIPNO‐6 gave 6‐arm star polymers with narrow polydispersities of 1.14–1.18. In the polymerizations of MA initiated with TIPNO‐6 and TIPNO‐12 , the influences of added TIPNO on the polydispersity indexes (PDIs) of the resulting star polymers were first investigated, and this led to the successful formation of poly(MA) star polymers with narrow polydispersities (1.10–1.18). Moreover, the polymerizations of DMAAm and IP from TIPNO‐6 in the presence or absence of TIPNO were briefly investigated. The benzyl ether bonds of the poly(St) and poly(MA) star polymers were cleaved by treating with Me₃SiI or Pd/C, and the resulting arm's parts were analyzed with SEC. The PDIs of the resulting arm parts were low (1.19–1.23), and the M_ns agreed with the M_n,theor, indicating that the poly(St) and poly(MA) star polymers had well‐controlled arms. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4364–4376, 2007     

齐次~Morrey-Herz 空间上分数次积分算子高阶交换子的有界性

在齐次Morrey-Herz空间上建立了高阶交换子~$T^{m}_{b,l}$ 和 ~$M^{m}_{b,l}$的有界性，其中~$T^{m}_{b,l}$ 和 ~$M^{m}_{b,l}$ 是由分数次积分算子和分数次极大算子分别与~BMO($R^{n}$)函数生成的高阶交换子.     

Reactions of 1-alkynylphosphonates with group (IV) complexes

This article describes our recent methods for the synthesis of substituted vinylphosphonates by reacting 1-alkynylphosphnates with group (IV) complexes. cis-Vinylphosphonates, 1,3-butadienylphosphonates, 1-(hydroxymethyl)vinylphosphonates, 2-(hydroxymethyl)vinylphosphonates, (E) 3-oxo-1-alkenylphosphonates were produced as a result of the reactions between zirconium complexes and 1-alkynylphosphonates. On the other hand, titanium complexes afford 3-aminovinylphoshonates, 1,4-bis-phosphonates, and various other di- and tri-substituted vinylphosphonates. An evaluation of access of these recently synthesized vinylphosphonates as MMP-2 inhibitors has shown that certain compounds are very potent and promising.     

Voltammetric determination of mesotrione at hanging mercury drop electrode

A study of the electrochemical reduction of the mesotrione pesticide on a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) was performed as a basis for the development of a sensitive analytical method for natural samples. The electrochemical characteristics of herbicide mesotrione dissolved in a phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) have been determined by means of electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) over a wide range of pH from 2.0 to 10.0. The experimental parameters, such as electrolyte type and its pH, pulse amplitude, and scan rate were optimized. The method was applied to the determination of the pesticide in a spiked soil samples. Using this method, a linear calibration curve for mesotrione was obtained up to the 0.1 μM range in pH 7 phosphate buffer solution with a detection limit (S/N = 3) of 50 nM. The method can be applied successfully to the determination of mesotrione in soils. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Solid state NMR characterization of formation of poly(ϵ‐caprolactone)/maghnite nanocomposites by in situ polymerization

Results of multinuclear MAS NMR spectroscopy are reported for poly (ε‐caprolactone)/maghnite nanocomposite formation, with ε‐caprolactone in situ polymerized in the presence of maghnite, a proton exchanged montmorillonite clay. Exfoliated and intercalated materials with different maghnite loading in the range 3–15 wt % were investigated. ¹H NMR evidences Brønsted acid hydroxyl groups in the silicate layers and shows that their broad signal at 7.6 ppm present in the parent clay disappears in the nanocomposite material. ²⁷Al MAS NMR results show that beside the hexacoordinated aluminum signal, two additional peaks corresponding to two different tetrahedral Al sites are present in the clay framework. The NMR signal intensity of only one of them was found to be affected in the nanocomposites compared with the parent maghnite, suggesting that these specific aluminum sites are the reactive ones at the initial stages of the polymerization. However almost no changes occurred in the ²⁹Si NMR spectra, confirming that the polymer grafting, as indicated earlier by atomic force microscopy, took place on the aluminum tetracoordinated sites rather than on the silicon sites. A mechanism of maghnite surface catalyzed polymerization of ε‐caprolactone was proposed, involving Brønsted and Lewis acid sites. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 3060–3068, 2007     

Synthesis of spherical and hemispherical sugar‐containing poly(ornithine) dendrimers

A novel sugar‐containing poly(ornithine) dendrimer is synthesized for possible antigen delivery and related applications. The dendrimer contains an ornithine dendron as interior scaffolding and oligosaccharides on the periphery, which provide an attachment site for a peptide antigen. Maltose or lactose is bound to both hemispherical and spherical poly(ornithine) dendrimer generation 3 (G3) by reductive amination between its reducing end and the peripheral amino group of the dendrimer using a borane‐pyridine complex in a buffer solution at 50 °C. The degree of substitution of sugar is changed by varying the molar ratio of sugar to dendrimer. When the surface of spherical poly(ornithine) dendrimer G3 is modified by binding β‐alanine to the 16 amino groups, highly substituted maltose‐ or lactose‐β‐alanine‐poly(ornithine) dendrimer G3 is obtained in high yield after 7 days of reaction. The structures of these sugar‐containing dendrimers are characterized by NMR and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry analyses. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 1400–1414, 2004     

Degree bounds for syzygies of invariants

Suppose that G is a linearly reductive group. Good degree bounds for generators of invariant rings were given in (Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 129 (4) (2001) 955). Here we study minimal free resolutions of invariant rings. For finite linearly reductive groups G it was recently shown in (Adv. Math. 156 (1) (2000) 23, Electron Res. Announc. Amer. Math. Soc. 7 (2001) 5, Adv. Math. 172 (2002) 151) that rings of invariants are generated in degree at most the group order |G|. In characteristic 0 this degree bound is a classical result by Emmy Noether (see Math. Ann. 77 (1916) 89). Given an invariant ring of a finite linearly reductive group G, we prove that the ideal of relations of a minimal set of generators is generated in degree at most ?2|G|.