基于有机/无机杂化钙钛矿有序结构的异质结及其光伏性能的研究

研究了一种新型的有机/无机杂化钙钛矿材料(3-BrC₃H₆NH₃)₂CuBr₄薄膜的聚集态形貌和良好的微观有序性特征, 霍尔迁移率测试结果表明该材料为p型半导体, 空穴迁移率为0.0025 cm²•V^－1•s^－1. 利用其在紫外-可见光谱范围内与C₆₀薄膜具有良好的光吸收互补性, 制备并研究了(3-BrC₃H₆NH₃)₂CuBr₄/C₆₀层状异质结结构中的暗态传输和光伏性能. 对不同退火温度下杂化钙钛矿薄膜的聚集态特性和器件性能之间的联系进行了探讨, 结果表明在低温退火条件下, 由于钙钛矿结构材料中有机组分排列更加有序, 器件显示更好的性能.     

New carbazole‐based conjugated polymers containing pyridylvinyl thiophene units for polymer solar cell applications: Morphological stabilization through hydrogen bonding

We have synthesized two conjugated polymers ( P1 , P2 ) containing alternating electron‐donating and ‐accepting units, based on N‐alkyl‐2,7‐carbazole, 4,7‐di(thiophen‐5‐yl)‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole and 3‐[2‐(4‐pyridyl)vinyl]thiophene units. These conjugated polymers contained different contents of pyridine units, which were incorporated to form hydrogen bonds with [6,6]‐phenyl‐C₆₁‐butyric acid (PCBA). When these hydrogen bonding interactions were present in the polymer thin films, their thermal stability improved; deterioration, which occurred through aggregation of PCBA methyl ester after lengthy annealing times, was also suppressed. The power conversion efficiency of a device incorporating the film featuring hydrogen bonding interactions remained at 75% of the original value after thermal annealing for 5 h at 140 °C. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011     

Conjugated polyelectrolytes and neutral polymers with poly(2,7‐carbazole) backbone: Synthesis,characterization, and photovoltaic application

Poly(2,7‐carbazole) neutral polymers (PC‐N, PC‐NOH, and PC‐P) and polyelectrolytes (PC‐NBr and PC‐SO₃Na) with hydrophilic pendant groups of ammonium, phosphonate, and sulfonate were synthesized as interlayers for cathode modifications in bulk‐heterojunction photovoltaic cells (BHJ PVCs). The absorptions of the polymers were determined by the poly(2,7‐carbazole) backbone, showing absorption peaks at ～390 nm for their solutions and films. Because of large intermolecular interactions, excimer emissions with wavelengths higher than 500 nm were found in the photoluminescence spectra of the films of the polymers, which weakened the light emissions of the polymers. PC‐N, PC‐NBr, PC‐NOH, and PC‐P possessed comparable HOMO levels of ?5.23 eV and LUMO levels of ?2.4 eV, but HOMO and LUMO levels of PC‐SO₃Na were up‐lying to ?4.91 and ?2.12 eV, respectively. PC‐N, PC‐NBr, PC‐NOH, and PC‐P were selected to construct thin interlayers in BHJ PVCs with PFO‐DBT35:PCBM = 1:4 as the active layer. Compared with traditional Al cathode, bilayer cathodes with the interlayers showed improvements of open‐circuit voltages and short‐circuit currents of the PVCs. PC‐NOH was the best for the photovoltaic performances and over 20% increase of power conversion efficiency (PCE) was achieved. The bilayer cathodes would have great potential to further elevate PCE of BHJ PVCs with other active layer materials. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011     

Synthesis and photovoltaic behaviors of narrow‐band‐gap π‐conjugated polymers composed of dialkoxybenzodithiophene‐ and thiophene‐based fused aromatic rings

π‐Conjugated polymers, PBDT‐CNETT and PBDT‐CNECPDT , were prepared by the Stille cross‐coupling polymerization. Optical and thermal properties of the obtained polymers were investigated by UV–vis spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. PBDT‐CNETT and PBDT‐CNECPDT exhibited very narrow band gaps of 1.39 and 1.13 eV, respectively. Highest occupied molecular orbital energy levels estimated by surface analyzer were ?5.17 and ?5.11 eV for PBDT‐CNETT and PBDT‐CNECPDT , respectively. The solar cells based on these polymers were evaluated with the cell configuration of ITO/PEDOT‐PSS/polymer:PC₆₁BH/LiF/Al. The power conversion efficiencies of the solar cells were estimated to be 1.57 and 0.16% for PBDT‐CNETT and PBDT‐CNECPDT , respectively. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011     

Annealing effect on performance and morphology of photovoltaic devices based on poly(3‐hexylthiophene)‐b‐poly(ethylene oxide)

Novel block copolymers, poly(3‐hexylthiophene)‐b‐poly(ethylene oxide) (P3HT‐b‐PEO) were synthesized via Suzuki coupling reaction of P3HT and PEO homopolymers. The copolymers were characterized by NMR, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimeter, and UV–vis measurements. A series of devices based on the block copolymers with a fullerene derivative were evaluated after thermal or solvent annealing. The device using P3HT‐b‐PEO showed higher efficiency than using P3HT blend after thermal annealing. Phase‐separated structures in the thin films of block copolymer blends were investigated by atomic force microscopy to clarify the relationship between morphologies constructed by annealing and the device performance. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011     

Thieno[3,4‐b]pyrazine‐based low bandgap photovoltaic copolymers: Turning the properties by different aza‐heteroaromatic donors

A new series of low‐bandgap copolymers based on electron‐accepting thieno[3,4‐b]pyrazine (TPZ) and different electron‐donating aza‐heteroaromatic units, such as carbazole (CZ), dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]pyrrole (TPR) and dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐e]pyridine (TPY), have been synthesized by Suzuki or Stille coupling polymerization. The resulting copolymers were characterized by NMR, elemental analysis, gel permeation chromatography, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. UV–vis absorption and cyclic voltammetry measurements show that TPZ‐based copolymer with TPR has the best absorption due to the strongest intramolecular charge transfer effect and smallest bandgap. The basic electronic structure of D‐A model compounds of these copolymers were also studied by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The conclusion of calculation agreed also well with the experimental results. The polymer solar cells (PSCs) based on these copolymers were fabricated with a typical structure of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/copolymer:PC₇₁BM/Ca/Al under the illumination of AM 1.5G, 100 mW cm^?2. The performance results showed that TPZ‐based copolymer with TPR donor segments showed highest efficiency of 1.55% due to enhanced short‐circuit current density. The present results indicate that good electronic, optical, and photovoltaic properties of TPZ‐based copolymers can be achieved by just fine‐tuning the structures of aza‐heteroaromatic donor segments for their application in PSCs. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011     

Isoregic Thienylene‐Phenylene Polymers: The Effects of Structural Variation and Application to Photovoltaic Devices

Isoregic conjugated polymers composed of thiophene and dialkoxybenzene units were designed to harvest incident light in the mid‐visible energy range (band gap of 2.1 eV). Poly(1,4‐bis(2‐thienyl)‐2,5‐diheptoxybenzene) (PBTB(OC₇H₁₅)₂) and poly(1,4‐bis(2‐thienyl)‐2,5‐didodecyloxybenzene) (PBTB(OC₁₂H₂₅)₂) have shown significant photovoltaic performance as an electron donor when used in tandem with the electron acceptor [6, 6]‐phenyl C₆₁‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) in bulk hetero‐junction photovoltaic devices. Photovoltaic devices incorporating PBTB(OC₇H₁₅)₂ and PCBM have shown AM1.5 efficiencies of ～0.6% with a short circuit current density of 2.5 mA/cm², an open circuit voltage of 0.74 V, and a fill factor of 0.32. Incident Photon‐to‐Current Efficiency (IPCE) of the device was found to be ca. 16% at 410 nm. In order to examine the relationship between the molecular structure of the polymers and their electronic energy levels, and to correlate this with photovoltaic performance, optoelectronic and electrochemical results are discussed in relation to the I‐V characteristics of the devices. Additionally, a computer‐aided simulation is used to gain further insight into the effect of polymer structure on the energetic relationships in the bulk heterojunction devices.     

Nanocrystalline ceramic films for efficient conversion of light into electricity

Transparent nanocrystalline films of oxide semiconductors such as TiO₂ and Fe₂O₃ have been prepared on a conducting glass support employing a sol-gel procedure. The films are composed of nanometer-sized particles sintered together to allow for percolative charge carrier transport. The internal surface of these films is very high, roughness factors of the order of 1000 being readily obtained. Electric polarization was applied for forward and reverse biasing of the films and the resulting optical changes have been analyzed to derive their flat band potential. Band gap excitation of such nanocrystalline semiconductors produces electron-hole pairs which migrate through the film to be collected as electric current. Steady state photolysis and time resolved laser techniques have been applied to scrutinize the mechanism of light induced charge separation within the nanostructure. When derivatized with a suitable chromophore, TiO₂ films give extraordinary efficiencies for the conversion of incident photons into electric current, exceeding 90% for certain transition metal complexes within the wavelength range of their absorption band. The underlying physical principles of these astonishing findings will be discussed. Exploiting this discovery, we have developed a new type of photovoltaic device whose overall light to electric energy conversion yield is 10% under simulated AM 1.5 solar radiation.     

Donor/conductor/acceptor triads spatially organized on the micrometer-length scale: an alternative approach to photovoltaic cells

We have used porous anodised Al(2)O(3) membranes as inert matrix for constructing and organizing spatially ternary donor/conductor/acceptor (DCA) systems exhibiting photovoltaic cell activity on the micrometric-length scale. These DCA triads were built stepwise by first growing a conducting polymer inside the membrane pores, thus forming nanorods that completely fill the internal pore space of the membrane. Then, an electron donor and an electron acceptor were adsorbed one on each side of the membrane, so that they were separated by a distance equal to the membrane thickness (ca. 60 microm), but electronically connected through the conductive polymer. When this device was placed between two electrodes and irradiated with visible light, electrons jumped from the donor molecule, crossed the membrane from side to side through the conductive polymer (a journey of about 60 microm!) until they finally reach the acceptor molecule. In so doing, an electric voltage was generated between the two electrodes, capable of maintaining an electric current flow from the membrane to an external circuit. Our DCA device constitutes the proof of a novel concept of photovoltaic cells, since it is based on the spatial organization at the micrometric scale of complementary, but not covalently linked, electron-donor and electron-acceptor organic species. Thus, our cell is based in translating photoinduced electron transfer between donors and acceptors, which is known to occur at the molecular nanometric scale, to the micrometric range in a spatially organised system. In addition our cell does not need the use of liquid electrolytes in order to operate, which is one of the main drawbacks in dye-sensitised solar cells.     

一种乌青铜结构光催化剂：铁电-顺电相变与光催化性质

近年来,铁电材料作为一种潜在的高活性光催化剂材料越来越多地受到研究者关注.由于晶体结构的对称性破缺导致铁电晶体中出现自发极化,在这种极化内建电场的影响下,光生电子-空穴将发生空间分离,从而有效抑制载流子复合,进一步提高光催化体系的总量子效率.文献报道了很多性能优异的铁电光伏器件,在这样的思路下,越来越多的材料被直接作为光催化材料来研究,但有关顺电-铁电差异的报道很少,铁电性与光催化性能关联的直接证据尚有欠缺.研究表明, SrxBa1-xNb2O6(SBN)材料的居里温度(TC)对组分调变有很强的依赖性,当 Sr2+含量发生改变时(x =0.32-0.82),其居里温度可在10-270oC范围内变化.因此,合成一个居里温度接近室温的 SBN材料,研究其在顺/铁电相下自发极化行为、光生电荷分离行为、光催化行为及结构演变,就可能得到一个关于铁电性与光催化性能关系的直接证据,并有助于理解二者的关联性.本文以较低温度(65°C)下发生铁-顺电相变的 Sr0.7Ba0.3Nb2O6(SBN-70)材料为模型体系,使用X射线衍射、紫外可见光谱及不同温度下的铁电及介电测试、光电测试、光催化产氢和荧光激发谱等表征技术,研究了 SBN-70光电/光催化性能差异与相结构的相关性.首先使用高温固相合成法制备了纯相的四方钨青铜型 SBN-70材料,根据紫外可见漫反射光谱表征结果,推测 SBN-70材料在热力学上可发生光催化水分解反应.对 SBN-70进行的铁电及介电测试表明 SBN-70属于典型的弛豫型铁电材料：介电峰温度宽化显著,且介电峰位置随不同测试频率发生变化.在f =1 kHz测试下,其名义居里温度约为65oC.使用高温下两步烧结法制备了致密的 Ag/SBN-70/Ag陶瓷样品.受到高强度电场(E =30 kV/cm)极化的 Ag/SBN-70/Ag样品在紫外光照射下出现了显著光伏效应,铁电回线测试表明极化后的 SBN-70材料中存在强度约为0.8 kV/cm由剩余极化导致的内建电场,当经过极化的 SBN-70经过80oC退火后,光伏效应消失.结果表明, SBN-70极化后在内建极化场的作用下,在低温铁电相表现了显著的光生电荷分离能力,在进入高温顺电相后,这种分离能力随着自发极化的消失而消失.同时我们发现担载 Pt的 SBN-70粉末样品作为光催化剂在不同温度下存在很大的光催化产氢活性差异：反应在15oC时,产氢量为4.5μmol,随着反应温度升高,其产氢量升高,在60oC时为5.3μmol,继续升高温度至80oC时,发生了反常的活性变化,即产氢活性完全消失.这种反常的活性-温度关系可能与 SBN-70的铁-顺电相变有关：进入高温顺电相(80oC)后,晶体结构回到4/mmm点群,铁电畴结构不再存在,从而丧失了作为电荷分离驱动力的自发极化.不同温度下荧光激发谱结果也暗示了 SBN-70在高于65oC附近极化结构的消失.本文结果表明,铁电相中存在的铁电极化结构确实有利于光生电荷分离,进而提高了光催化反应活性.