Viscoelastic properties of nanostructured natural rubber/polystyrene interpenetrating polymer networks

The effects of the blend ratio and initiating system on the viscoelastic properties of nanostructured natural rubber/polystyrene‐based interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) were investigated in the temperature range of ?80 to 150 °C. The studies were carried out at different frequencies (100, 50, 10, 1, and 0.1 Hz), and their effects on the damping and storage and loss moduli were analyzed. In all cases, tan δ and the storage and loss moduli showed two distinct transitions corresponding to natural rubber and polystyrene phases, which indicated that the system was not miscible on the molecular level. However, a slight inward shift was observed in the IPNs, with respect to the glass‐transition temperatures (T_g's) of the virgin polymers, showing a certain degree of miscibility or intermixing between the two phases. When the frequency increased from 0.1 to 100 Hz, the T_g values showed a positive shift in all cases. In a comparison of the three initiating systems (dicumyl peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, and azobisisobutyronitrile), the dicumyl peroxide system showed the highest modulus. The morphology of the IPNs was analyzed with transmission electron microscopy. The micrographs indicated that the system was nanostructured. An attempt was made to relate the viscoelastic behavior to the morphology of the IPNs. Various models, such as the series, parallel, Halpin–Tsai, Kerner, Coran, Takayanagi, and Davies models, were used to model the viscoelastic data. The area under the linear loss modulus curve was larger than that obtained by group contribution analysis; this showed that the damping was influenced by the phase morphology, dual‐phase continuity, and crosslinking of the phases. Finally, the homogeneity of the system was further evaluated with Cole–Cole analysis. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 1680–1696, 2003     

A 2.20 eV Bandgap Polymer Donor for Efficient Colorful Semitransparent Organic Solar Cells

Semitransparent organic solar cells (ST-OSCs) have attracted increasing attention due to their promising prospect in building-integrated photovoltaics. Generally, efficient ST-OSCs with good average visible transmittance (AVT) can be realized by developing active layer materials with light absorption far from the visible light range. Herein, the development of ultrawide bandgap polymer donors with near-ultraviolet absorption, paired with near-infrared acceptors, is proposed to achieve high-performance ST-OSCs. The key points for the design of ultrawide bandgap polymers include constructing donor–donor type conjugated skeleton, suppressing the quinoidal resonance effect, and minimizing the twist of conjugated skeleton via noncovalent conformational locks. As a proof of concept, a polymer named PBOF with an optical bandgap of 2.20 eV is synthesized, which exhibited largely reduced overlap with the human eye photopic response spectrum and afforded a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.40% in opaque device. As a result, ST-OSCs with a PCE over 10% and an AVT over 30% are achieved without optical modulation. Moreover, colorful ST-OSCs with visual aesthetics can be achieved by tuning the donor/acceptor weight ratio in active layer benefiting from the ultrawide bandgap nature of PBOF. This study demonstrates the great potential of ultrawide bandgap polymers for efficient colorful ST-OSCs.     

中波红外火情遥感的大气辐射传输特性

分析2005年在广西武鸣机场进行的人工火情测量试验中获得的由BOMEM MR-154FT高光谱仪测定的火情光谱特征发现:在中波4.34～4.76μm光谱段的辐亮度比火情遥感监测常用通道3.5～4.0μm有更强的响应关系.用模拟计算方法进一步分析了中波红外光谱的大气辐射特性.分别对中波波段主要的吸收气体(水汽、水汽连续、二氧化碳混合、二氧化碳、一氧化二氮、臭氧和气溶胶)影响辐射传输的情况进行模拟计算;选择中国内陆地区18种大气廓线样本和4种大气模型,分别进行辐射传输计算,获得了3～5μm谱段分谱大气透过率和大气程辐射等,并比较了新选择通道(4.42～4.78μm)与传统通道(3.55～3.95μm)在地面和传输到大气层顸后辐亮度的变化情况,为今后应用新探测通道奠定了基础.     

Te溶剂Bridgman法CdMnTe晶体核辐射探测器的制备和表征

碲锰镉(CdMnTe)作为性能优异的室温核辐射探测器材料,可用于环境监测和工业无损检测领域。本文中采用Te溶剂Bridgman法生长In掺杂Cd_0.9Mn_0.1Te晶体,制备成10 mm×10 mm×2 mm大小的室温单平面探测器,研究了该探测器对²⁴¹Am@59.5 keV γ射线源的能谱响应。通过表征红外透过率、电阻率以及探测器能谱响应等参数,综合评定了探测器用CdMnTe晶体的质量、电学和探测器性能。结果表明,晶片的红外透过率均在55%以上,最好可达到60%。采用湿法钝化,100 V偏压下的漏电流由钝化前的9.48 nA降为钝化后的7.90 nA,钝化后的电阻率为2.832×10¹⁰ Ω·cm。在-400 V反向偏压下,CdMnTe探测器对²⁴¹Am@59.5 keV γ射线源的能量分辨率在钝化前后分别为13.53%和12.51%,钝化后的电子迁移率寿命积为1.049×10^-3 cm²/V。研究了探测器的能量分辨率随电压的变化特性,当偏压≤400 V时,探测器的能量分辨率主要由载流子的收集效率决定,而当偏压>400 V时,能量分辨率由漏电流决定。本文研究结果表明,Te溶剂Bridgman法生长的CdMnTe晶体质量较好,电阻率和电子迁移率寿命积满足探测器制备需求。     

Water Status and Predictive Models of Moisture Content during Drying of Soybean Dregs Based on LF-NMR

To explore the drying characteristics of soybean dregs and a nondestructive moisture content test method, in this study, soybean dregs were dried with hot air (80 °C), the moisture content was measured using the drying method, water status was analyzed using low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) and the moisture content prediction models were built and validated. The results revealed that the moisture contents of the soybean dregs were 0.57 and 0.01 g/g(w.b.), respectively, after drying for 5 and 7 h. The effective moisture diffusivity increased with the decrease in moisture content; it ranged from 5.27 × 10⁻⁹ to 6.96 × 10⁻⁸ m²·s⁻¹. Soybean dregs contained bound water (T₂₁), immobilized water (T₂₂) and free water (T₂₃ and T₂₃’). With the proceeding of drying, all of the relaxation peaks shifted left until a new peak (T₂₃’) appeared; then, the structure of soybean dregs changed, and the relaxation peaks reformed, and the peak shifted left again. The peak area may predict the moisture content of soybean dregs, and the gray values of images predict the moisture contents mainly composed of free water or immobilized water. The results may provide a reference for drying of soybean dregs and a new moisture detection method.     

基于溶液温度差谱分析的ATR-FTIR原位测量方法

作为一种原位、快速、无损坏的中红外光谱分析技术,ATR-FTIR已在很多工程领域得到越来越多的应用,尤其是针对结晶过程溶液浓度的原位实时测量。水是一种常用的结晶溶剂,在中红外波段具有强吸收峰,并且在不同温度下具有光谱吸收差异性,因而不能忽略溶剂水和温度对溶液浓度的中红外光谱测量带来的影响。以朗伯-比尔定律为基础,提出采用溶液光谱减去相应温度下的溶剂光谱的方法,从而能准确地测量溶液浓度。以L-谷氨酸溶液结晶过程为例,对L-谷氨酸水溶液的原始光谱数据、溶液光谱扣除常温(25℃)溶剂水的光谱数据以及溶液光谱对应温度扣除溶剂水的光谱数据分别进行建模。结果表明,提出的对应温度差谱法能有效消除溶剂水峰对溶质光谱测量的干扰,明显地降低了溶液浓度光谱标定模型的预测误差。该方法对提高原位ATR-FTIR光谱检测精度的实际应用具有一定的参考价值。     

Side-lobeless far-field spectrum of a short pulse from a circular aperture with Gaussian form of transmittance

The spectrum change of a Gaussian pulse in the far field is studied with the Fresnel diffraction integral when it is incident on an aperture with Gaussian form transmittance. It is found that the side-lobes of the diffracted spectral intensity, which exist in a normal circular aperture with unit transmittance, can be eliminated completely under such a condition. Also, the red shift and blue shift of the spectral intensity maximum of the incident pulse are presented.     

Total integrated reflection loss in a laser diode to single-mode fibre coupling system

A geometrical optics approach is used to analyse the reflection of a divergent beam falling onto a concave or convex surface. The polarisation state of a ray in the incident beam depends on the position where the ray impinges upon the surface. The distribution of transmittance over the surface for different polarisation states is determined. An integration of the transmittance distribution determines the total reflection loss of a coupling lens used in a laser diode to single-mode fibre coupling system.     

紫外光固化阳离子复合胶粘剂的制备与表征

以三芳基六氟磷酸硫鎓盐为引发剂,钛酸四异丙酯(TIP)为无机前驱体,3,4-环氧环己基甲基3,4-环氧环己基甲酸酯为单体,制备了含TiO2纳米结构的紫外光固化阳离子复合胶粘剂。通过原子力显微镜对复合胶粘剂形貌进行表征,研究了TIP含量对胶粘剂折射率和光透过率的影响。结果表明：TiO2无机相均匀地分散在胶粘剂的聚合物基体中,平均粒径约为20 nm;随着体系中TIP质量分数的变化,复合胶粘剂折射率为1.510 3~1.540 9可调;胶粘剂的光透过率随TIP质量分数增加略有减低,但当TIP含量高达40%时,光透过率维持在90%左右。     

High P–T Raman study of transitions in relaxor multiferroic Pb(Fe0.5Nb0.5)O3

The vibrational and structural properties of Pb(Fe_0.5Nb_0.5)O₃ have been investigated using Raman spectroscopy up to 40 GPa at 300 K and from 300 to 415 K at selected pressures. The measurements reveal three phase transitions, at 5.5, 8.7, and 24 GPa at room temperature. The temperature dependences of the spectra indicate transitions at 1.5 GPa, at 335 and 365 K. The results are consistent with the appearance of an intermediate tetragonal P4mm phase between the ferroelectric R3m and paraelectric Pm‐3m phases. A P–T phase diagram is proposed that allows further insight into the magnetoelectric coupling present in this material. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.