基于碳量子点和罗丹明B的新型比率荧光试纸片检测水中Hg(Ⅱ)

水环境中Hg(Ⅱ)的污染对生态环境和人类健康危害极大,目前Hg(Ⅱ)的检测主要有原子光谱/质谱和电化学等方法,但存在检测仪器昂贵、操作繁琐及前处理复杂等缺点,难以在日常水环境中微量Hg(Ⅱ)现场检测的应用。因此,建立一种灵敏、准确、快捷和经济的水中Hg(Ⅱ)检测方法具有重要意义。试纸法是将普通的化学反应从玻璃仪器转移到试纸上进行的一种快速检测方法,利用试剂与目标物之间产生的化学反应,通过颜色的变化可对目标物进行定性或半定量检测,具有操作简便、快速等优点。碳量子点是一类粒径小于10 nm的碳基纳米材料,具有优异的荧光性能、较低的毒性和较高的化学稳定性。利用Hg(Ⅱ)对碳量子点的荧光具有灵敏和高效的猝灭作用,构建了一种双色比率荧光试纸片用于快速检测水中微量Hg(Ⅱ)的含量。其中,采用氮掺杂水溶性碳量子点（NCDs）作为荧光响应信号、罗丹明B（RhB）作为荧光内标信号,在单一波长（355 nm）激发下产生位于440和580 nm的双色荧光发射峰。当体系加入不同浓度Hg(Ⅱ)后,NCDs表面官能团与Hg(Ⅱ)之间的静电作用和金属配位协同作用使荧光发生猝灭,而RhB的荧光信号保持不变,利用440和580 nm双色荧光信号或其强度的比值（F₄₄₀/F₅₈₀）,可实现对微量Hg(Ⅱ)的快速检测。实验对检测条件进行了优化,结果表明在HAc-NaAc缓冲液浓度为1 mmol·L-1、pH为7的条件下,F₄₄₀/F₅₈₀值与Hg(Ⅱ)浓度（0～3 μmol·L-1）呈现良好的线性关系,线性方程为F₄₄₀/F₅₈₀=-0.785 2ｃ_Hg(Ⅱ)+3.103 8,相关系数r＞0.99,以3倍标准偏差计算的检出限为2.7 nmol·L-1(n=9)。对湖水与自来水中Hg(Ⅱ)进行加标回收实验,其加标回收率在91.9%～117.9%之间,说明该方法灵敏、准确,能用于水中Hg(Ⅱ)的检测。同时,将NCDs和RhB浸渍于尼龙片上构建了双色比率荧光检测试纸片,在紫外灯（365nm）照射下可观测到试纸发射淡蓝紫色荧光。而随着Hg(Ⅱ)浓度的增加,荧光颜色从淡蓝紫色到橙色发生变化,每次检测时间只需3分钟,裸眼可检出Hg(Ⅱ)浓度低至10 nmol·L-1,实现了对水中微量Hg(Ⅱ)的灵敏、快速检测。此外,该方法对Hg(Ⅱ)的检测表现出良好的特异性。因此,基于碳量子点和罗丹明B构建的双色比率荧光试纸片具有携带方便、操作简单,以及灵敏和快速等优点,为水中微量Hg(Ⅱ)的快速检测提供了新的方法和思路。     

充分发挥软件功能提高试题库组卷的质量

根据目前教学改革要求和‘电工学试题库’成卷质量的存在问题,提出用试题库本身的系统软件,对试卷或试题库试题进行修改的方法。     

Molecular beam study of photoionization of uranium and uranium oxide

Crossed laser molecular beam configuration was used to study the photoionization of U and UO by the UV-lines of an argon ion laser. Photoionization efficiencies of both U and UO were found to be line sensitive. Photoionization by the 3638 Å line was observed for the first time. Uranium atom ionization efficiency being higher for the 3345 Å and 3511 Å groups of lines, while UO ionization efficiency being maximum for the 3638 Å line. Dependence of photoion signal on laser power and relative photoionization efficiencies of the two isotopic species of uranium are also investigated.     

Studies of Ziegler-type catalysts for the polymerization of ethylene and propylene II The polymerization of ethylene with VOCl3-Et3Al2Cl3 (chlorinated activator) catalysts

VOCl₃-Et₃Al₂C1₃(chlorinated activator) catalysts have been employed for the polymerization of ethylene at T between 15 and 85° in n-hexane. Using butylperchlorocrotonate as the activator, the following catalyst efficiencies (g polymerization, hr, atmosphere ethylene in the cap gas) were achieved: 10^6,1 MFI = 0-00; 10^5,8, e.g. MFI = 1 0 (with 9 per cent H₂ present in the cap gas) and 10^6–9 MFI = 0?4 (with 44 mmole/1 styrene in the hexane medium). Reactions between the aluminium alkyl and the activator molecules produced other chlorinated species of high average activator effectiveness. The catalyst system could be reactivated by further additions of Et₃Al₂Cl₃. The minimum value of the polymerization propagation rate constant is estimated to be 10¹²²?6x10,461 cm³/mole sec.     

Behaviour of organic pollutants in paper and board samples intended to be in contact with food

This paper deals with the study of volatile compounds present in a set of three paper and board (P&B) samples of different composition, surface treatment, grammage and thickness. The volatile compounds released by the packaging material (P&B) can be trapped on the food and may then affect the safety and health of consumers. To evaluate if the recycled P&B could be used as food packaging material, adsorption studies have been performed with a selection of chemical substances. The adsorption isotherms are provided. Partition coefficients between paper and air have been calculated for a series of volatile compounds used as model compounds to represent different families of contaminants commonly present in P&B. Values from 4 to 3243 were obtained at different temperatures. The analysis of volatile compounds have been carried out by automatic headspace coupled on-line with GC/MS in SIM mode. The results obtained are shown and discussed.     

A visual test paper for extremely strong concentrated acidity with a new synthesized isoindole reagent

A visual test paper by taking common filter paper as solid support for extremely strong concentrated acidity has been developed in this contribution with a new synthesized isoindole compound starting from p-phenylenediamine and the coupled fluorogenic reagent of o-phthaldialdehyde-β-mercaptoethanol. It was very easy for semiquantitative detection of acidity in the range of 0.2-18 M ([H⁺]) in extreme acidic solution based on the color changes of the solution or the visual test paper prepared by immerging filter paper slides into the solution of the new synthesized reagent. Quantitative detection of concentrated strong acids could be successfully constructed through the linear relationship exists between the absorbance of the chromogenic reagent at 510 nm and the acid concentrations.     

Kinetics of the production of chain-end groups and methanol from the depolymerization of cellulose during the ageing of paper/oil systems. Part 1: Standard wood kraft insulation

Recently, the existence of a relation between the rupture of 1,4-β-glycosidic bonds in the cellulose during thermal-ageing of paper/oil systems and the detection of methanol in the oil has been reported for the first time in this journal (Jalbert et al. 2007). The present study addresses the rate constants of the reaction for standard wood kraft papers, two immersed in inhibited naphthenic oil under air (paper/oil weight–volume ratio of 1:18) and one in non-inhibited paraffinic oil under nitrogen (paper/oil weight–volume ratio of 1:30). The isotherms in the range of 60–130 °C show that the initial rate of methanol production markedly increases with temperature and to a lesser extent with the moisture of the specimens (initially between 0.5 and 2.25% (w/w)), similarly to what is noted for the depolymerization through the Ekenstam’s pseudo-zero order model. The Arrhenius expression of the rate constants reveals linear relationships that confirm the dominance of a given mechanism in both cases. A very good agreement is also noted for the activation energy over the entirely paper/oil systems studied (106.9 ± 4.3 and 103.5 ± 3.7 kJ mol^?1 for methanol and scissions, respectively). Furthermore, a comparison of the rate constants $ \left( {k_{{{\text{CH}}_{ 3} {\text{OH}}}} /k_{\text{scissions}} } \right) Recently, the existence of a relation between the rupture of 1,4-β-glycosidic bonds in the cellulose during thermal-ageing of paper/oil systems and the detection of methanol in the oil has been reported for the first time in this journal (Jalbert et al. 2007). The present study addresses the rate constants of the reaction for standard wood kraft papers, two immersed in inhibited naphthenic oil under air (paper/oil weight–volume ratio of 1:18) and one in non-inhibited paraffinic oil under nitrogen (paper/oil weight–volume ratio of 1:30). The isotherms in the range of 60–130 °C show that the initial rate of methanol production markedly increases with temperature and to a lesser extent with the moisture of the specimens (initially between 0.5 and 2.25% (w/w)), similarly to what is noted for the depolymerization through the Ekenstam’s pseudo-zero order model. The Arrhenius expression of the rate constants reveals linear relationships that confirm the dominance of a given mechanism in both cases. A very good agreement is also noted for the activation energy over the entirely paper/oil systems studied (106.9 ± 4.3 and 103.5 ± 3.7 kJ mol⁻¹ for methanol and scissions, respectively). Furthermore, a comparison of the rate constants shows approximately constant values indicating an apparent yield for the methanol of about one-third molecule per every scission for the tests under air (0.27 ± 0.04 for Clupak HD75 and 0.37 ± 0.14 for Munksj? TH70) and even lower for the ones under N₂ (0.12 ± 0.03 for Munksj? E.G.). As expected from a pseudo-zero order model, these values were shown to be consistent with a similar comparison of the amount of CH₃OH and chain-end groups produced under specific time–temperature ageing conditions (168 h at 120 °C). Finally, an additional test carried out with unaged cellulose in contact with a fresh solution of methanol in oil (cellulose/oil weight–volume ratio of 1:18) shows that at equilibrium, over 58% of the species is lost from the solution due to penetration into the fibres. Such results reveal the importance of the species partitioning in establishing the true correspondence between the molecules of CH₃OH produced and the scissions.     

高分辨气相色谱/质谱法分析新闻纸和复印纸中的二恶英

随机选择空白的和经过印刷的新闻纸和复印纸,粉碎后用溶剂提取并经多步色谱柱纯化,采用同位素稀释、高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱(HRGC/HRMS)联用技术分析了其中的二含量。结果表明:新闻纸中二的总量高于复印纸,但是毒性当量却低于复印纸;经过印刷的新闻纸和复印纸中二的含量均高于空白的新闻纸和复印纸;新闻纸和复印纸中相同二异构体的含量 是不同的。空白的和经过印刷的新闻纸中二毒性当量分别为0.48 ng/kg和0.61 ng/kg,而空白的和经过印刷的复印纸中二恶英毒性当量分别为0.74 ng/kg和0.79     

Photocatalytic degradation of an azo reactive dye,Reactive Yellow 84, in water using an industrial titanium dioxide coated media

The photocatalytic degradation of an azo reactive dye, Reactive Yellow 84 (RY84), in aqueous solutions using industrial titanium dioxide coated non-woven paper was studied. The experiments were carried out to investigate the factors that influence the dye photocatalytic degradation, such as adsorption, initial concentration of dye, temperature, and solution pH. The experimental results show that adsorption is an important parameter controlling the apparent kinetics constant of degradation. The photocatalytic degradation rate was favored by a high concentration of solution in respect to Langmuir–Hinshelwood model. The degradation was enhanced by the temperature and was favored in acidic pH range.     

一种新的滤纸基质固体表面低温荧光(燐光)测定装置

对自行研制的铜制滤纸基质低温荧光（燐光）测定的样品支架，进行了滤纸基质固体表面低温荧光测定的可行性研究。与同类冷冻装置和室温装置比较，本装置用于滤纸基质固体表面低温荧光（燐光）测定具有以下优点；样品的分析周期大大地缩短，由45min缩短为5-6min；装置简单、便宜耐用；操作简便，简化了室温测定时的滤纸干燥程序，应用范围广，方法的重现性好，检样分析结果的相对标准偏差RSD%小于10%，荧光（燐光）分析灵敏度高，检出限低，线性范围宽。