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51.
The goal of the present study is to test the hypothesis that LPA induces proliferation of astrocytes in hippocampus in vivo via phosphorylation of ERK 1/2. We first characterized the expression of GFAP, a special marker fiber protein of astrocytes,
in brain slices after direct injection of LPA into hippocampus by immunohistochemistry, and found that LPA induced a remarkable
proliferation of astrocytes. Then double-lablled immunofluorescence was used to detect GFAP and phosphorylation ERK 1/2 (p-ERK
1/2), LPA induced an immediate (10 min) and transient (<30 min) phosphorylation of ERK 1/2, and sequence sustained activation
of ERK 1/2 was observed, which last for at least 3 weeks after injection of LPA. Reactions are inhibited by U0126, a specific
pharmacological mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) inhibitor. Laser confocal scanning was used to study spatial relationship
of p-ERK and astrocytes. Amazingly, the early (<7 days) phosphorylation of ERK 1/2 is not expressed in astrocytes but in area
where neurons and/or in other cell type(s) occupied, expression of p-ERK 1/2 in astrocytes is not detected until 14 days after
LPA injection and lasts for at least 3 weeks. Taken together, these data suggest that LPA play an important role in proliferation
of astrocytes through phosphorylation of ERK 1/2 in hippocampus. It provides further proof for the functions of LPA in CNS
injury, and may contribute to clinical therapy for relative diseases. 相似文献
52.
P. A. Barnes G. M. Parkes P. Sheridan 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》1994,42(5):841-854
Analysis of very small particles can present problems. This paper describes the application of temperature programmed solid insertion probe mass spectrometry (TP-SIP-MS), scanning electron microscopy and SEM X-ray microanalysis to the identification of foreign particles present in an industrial product. The relative advantages and limitations of the techniques are discussed. It is shown that TP-SIP-MS is a powerful tool for such work and complements the use of more conventional microanalytical methods. 相似文献
53.
A kind of aziridine crosslinkers was synthesized and used to crosslink acrylate copolymers. The crosslinkingproperties and curing kinetics of the resin were studied. It was found that with the increase of the content of crosslinker in theemulsion, the mechanical properties and solvent resistance of the resin will be apparently improved, but its glass transitiontemperature (T_g) is very low. The lowest amount of crosslinker used in the acrylic resin emulsion is 0.25%. Curing kineticsstudied by DSC show that this curing reaction occurs readily because the apparent activation energy of the reaction is low(65.1 kJ/mol). These results demonstrate that the aziridine crosslinker is indeed a low temperature crosslinking agent and canbe used at room temperature. 相似文献
54.
该文简述了电子显微技术的发展历程,并介绍了现代电子显微镜的新功能。针对生物纳米材料理化性能与功能应用的特殊性,结合研究实例,重点阐述运用电子显微结构表征与原位分析测试技术指导构建新颖纳米结构、揭示材料与细胞/组织相互作用并发挥功能的机制。并在此基础上,展望了电子显微技术在生物纳米材料研究领域的发展方向(大尺寸图像拼接、三维重构、动态原位实时成像)。 相似文献
55.
The cold and heat denaturations of bovine P-lactoglobulin A ((β-lg A) has been studied in solutions of guanidine hydrochloride
(GuHCI) by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The experimental results are presented and discussed. It is shown that
the number of protons bound by the monomeric molecules of β-lg A was unchanged before and after its heat denaturation below
pH 3, and that the activation energy of the heat denaturation was depressed owing to the presence of GuHCI. In the solutions
with 2.50 and 3.06 mol/L of GuHCI, both the cold and heat denaturations of P-lg A were observed. In comparison with the heat
denaturation, the activation energy of cold denaturation was far lower and the number of GuHCl molecules bound by the unfolded
polypeptide chains after culd denaturation increased a lot. The absolute value of the enthalpy of cold denaturation was larger
than that of heat denaturation. It was found by the analysis that the contribution to the total denaturational enthalpy of
conformational change itself of the monomeric molecules of β-lg A was the lowest among the globulins, according to the average
of the number of heavy atoms.
Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, and by the fund for excellent items under Director
of the Institute of Chemistry. 相似文献
56.
Mura P. Maestrelli F. Cirri M. Furlanetto S. Pinzauti S. 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》2003,73(2):635-646
The interactions of trimethoprim, sulphadiazine and sulphamethoxazole with natural (a- b-, g- ) and amorphous (RAMEB) or crystalline
(DIMEB) methylated b-cyclodextrins were investigated both in aqueous solution (using phase-solubility analysis) and in the
solid state (using DSC supported by X-ray analysis). In particular, DSC studies enabled determination of the relative degree
of crystallinity of each drug in its physical and ground mixtures with the different cyclodextrins on the basis of the variation
of its heat of fusion in comparison with that of the pure drug. In all cases, the host cavity size was a prevalent factor
for the inclusion complexation in liquid state. On the contrary, it had a negligible effect on solid-state interactions in
terms of drug amorphization. DIMEB and RAMEB exhibited similar performances in aqueous solution, showing that the presence
of methyl-groups improved the complexing and solubilizing properties of b-cyclodextrin. However, DSC studies revealed that
RAMEB was clearly more active in performing solid-state interactions, i.e. drug amorphization, and as stabilizing agent for
the amorphous state brought forth.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
57.
By the use of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), a new method to measure the wax content of crude oil has been developed. In this paper, the wax content of a crude oil is proposed and proved to be the Q (total thermal effect of wax precipitation in sample) ratio of the crude oil and its corresponding wax obtained by using standard acetone method, i.e. Qoil/Qwax. For the 14 studied crude oils with the wax content ranging from 1 to 27 wt.%, the wax contents determined by the presented method are in good agreement with those determined by standard acetone method, with an absolute average deviation of only 0.82 wt.%. This method has an advantage over reported DSC methods in which the exact dissolution or precipitation enthalpy of wax is a must. It is also found that the wax contents determined by either of the two methods show good linear relationship with the total thermal effect Qoil, with the correlation coefficients over 0.96. According to the empirical correlations, the wax content of a crude oil can be easily determined by using the DSC total thermal effect Qoil. In addition and more significantly, the new method can be applied to improve the accuracy in determining the amount of precipitated wax in a waxy crude oil at different temperatures. 相似文献
58.
N. SanzJ. Zaccaro L. DelmotteC. Le Luyer A. Ibanez 《Journal of solid state chemistry》2002,165(1):25-34
Organic nanocrystals of N-4-nitrophenyl-l-prolinol (NPP) have been grown in sol-gel matrices prepared from silicon alkoxide precursors. Our process is based on the control of the nucleation and growth kinetics of the dye in the pores of dense gels. Nanocomposites gel-glasses are obtained with a high optical quality due to the small size of the nanocrystals (10-20 nm). Differential scanning calorimetry experiments evidenced clearly the melting point of NPP nanocrystals, which is registered 51°C above that of NPP powder. Micro-Raman and solid state NMR spectroscopies allowed us to demonstrate that our nanocrystallization process does not chemically modify NPP molecules. We specified also the nature of interactions existing between the NPP nanocrystals and the xerogels. These strong interactions, which explain the important increase of the melting point of the nanocrystals in comparison to the NPP powder, are hydrogen bonds between nitro groups of NPP and uncondensed silanol functions of the silicate network. 相似文献
59.
The anodic reaction of Ni in an alkaline solution was studied by the tip–substrate voltammetry mode of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). A platinum microdisc electrode was selected as the tip electrode, which functioned as a pH sensor with transient response capability. The pH value of the solution near the Ni electrode surface varied while the Ni substrate oxidation reaction occurred, and the pH variation could be detected by the tip faradic current. The cyclic voltammogram results showed that two types of hydroxides: i.e. α‐Ni(OH)2 and β‐Ni(OH)2 were formed during Ni oxidation in the lower potential region. In the proceedings of α‐Ni(OH)2 → γ‐NiOOH and β‐Ni(OH)2 → β‐NiOOH, the process of OH? concentration decrease in the solution was ahead and behind of electron transfer in the solid phase, respectively. These results indicate that the OH? adsorption process occurs as an elementary step in the former reaction and the H+ diffusion process from the inner to the outer layer of the solid phase occurs as a subsequent step in the latter reaction. The results also revealed that the oxide film on the Ni surface has a two‐layer structure. The real potential of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) on the Ni surface with different cycles is also analyzed in the paper. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
60.
Laura S. Zamorano Francisco Gavilanes Ivan Yu. Sakharov Robert B. van Huystee Valery L. Shnyrov 《Thermochimica Acta》2004,417(1):67-73
Detailed differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), steady-state tryptophan fluorescence and far-UV circular dichroism (CD) studies, together with enzymatic assays, were carried out to monitor the thermal stability of anionic peanut peroxidase (aPrx) at pH 3.0. The spectral parameters were seen to be good complements to the highly sensitive but integral method of DSC. Thus, changes in far-UV CD corresponded to changes in the overall secondary structure of the enzyme, while changes in intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence emission corresponded to changes in the tertiary structure of the enzyme. The results, supported with data concerning changes in enzymatic activity with temperature, show that thermally induced transitions for aPrx are irreversible and strongly dependent upon the scan rate, suggesting that denaturation is under kinetic control. It is shown that the process of aPrx denaturation can be interpreted with sufficient accuracy in terms of the simple kinetic scheme, , where k is a first-order kinetic constant that changes with temperature, as given by the Arrhenius equation; N is the native state, and D is the denatured state. On the basis of this model, the parameters of the Arrhenius equation were calculated. 相似文献