低轨道原子氧对2种侧链结构多烷基环戊烷真空摩擦学性能的影响

设计合成了2种侧链长度的多烷基环戊烷(MACs)润滑剂,利用多功能空间摩擦学试验系统考察了模拟低轨道原子氧辐照环境对其真空摩擦学性能的影响,同时采用黏度仪、凝胶色谱仪、精密分析天平、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和傅立叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)等表征了原子氧辐照前后2种MACs润滑剂的黏度、分子量、质量损失、化学结构和磨痕形貌.结果表明:所合成的2种侧链长度的MACs润滑剂在真空下对GCr15/GCr15球-盘摩擦副均具有良好润滑性能.原子氧辐照后,2种MACs润滑剂在真空中对上述摩擦副的摩擦系数均明显增大,摩擦副表面的磨损程度加剧.此外,原子氧辐照还导致润滑剂的黏度和数均分子量增大.红外分析结果显示:原子氧辐照过程中O原子插入了MACs的碳链之间破坏了MACs的化学健,同时与C原子结合生成了CO、C—O—C等新键,并导致润滑剂的酸值增大.原子氧辐照后,MACs中烃类的碳链长度仍大于4,因此仍然具有一定的润滑性能.质量损失结果比较发现具有较长支链的MACs润滑剂耐原子氧侵蚀性能较强,表明设计调控适当的支链长度是改善MACs耐原子氧性能的一条可能途径.     

脑Willis环的一维血流动力学及氧输运特性的数值研究

Willis环是大脑侧枝循环的重要组成部分, 研究其血流动力学特性以及氧输运规律对脑缺血疾病的认知和预防有着非常重要的作用. 该文旨在利用一维血流动力学模型模拟整个Willis环的流量变化和压力分布, 并建立动脉内氧输运的一维模型以模拟Willis 环内氧分压的变化规律, 为研究脑组织内血液流动和氧输运打下基础. 首先, 基于弹性圆管内的一维非线性流动方程和状态方程建立血流动力学模型, 在一维对流扩散方程的基础上, 考虑由管腔向壁面的扩散和壁面细胞的新陈代谢消耗推导出氧输运特性方程. 通过 Lax-Wendroff两步法对血流动力学方程进行离散, 而在进行对流扩散方程的离散时, 则运用迎风格式. 通过数值计算得到了正常情况下Willis环各个血管任意位置的流量、压力和氧分压的变化曲线, 正常情况下各个位置的氧分压处于稳定的平衡状态. 最后, 还通过此模型进一步模拟了右侧颈内动脉狭窄对各个血管内流动的影响. 当狭窄程度达到80%时, 中脑动脉的流量和压力会明显下降, 造成其供应区域的血流减少. 同时, Willis环右侧血管内的氧分压会大大降低, 而左侧血管的氧分压会出现上升趋势, 但幅度要小于右侧血管降低的幅度.     

基于信息编码的神经能量计算

通过神经元活动期间神经能量的计算, 发现关于神经元 的活动需要消耗能量的观点并不完整. 计算表明神经元在动作电位发放期间先吸收 能量然后再消耗能量. 依据这个重要发现, 能够解释当脑内神经元被激活时脑血流 量大幅增加而耗氧量却增加很少这一难以解释的神经生理学现象. 同时还能够解释外部刺激信息和知觉的产生会有同步效应这一认知神经科学界也难 以解释的现象.     

Magnetic field as a means to identify initiating reaction in oxidation of organic substances with molecular oxygen

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Atomically Thin Defect‐Rich Fe–Mn–O Hybrid Nanosheets as High Efficient Electrocatalyst for Water Oxidation

Engineering non‐noble metal–based electrocatalysts with superior water oxidation performance is highly desirable for the production of renewable chemical fuels. Here, an atomically thin low‐crystallinity Fe–Mn–O hybrid nanosheet grown on carbon cloth (Fe–Mn–O NS/CC) is successfully synthetized as an efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalyst. The synthesis strategy involves a facile reflux reaction and subsequent low‐temperature calcination process, and the morphology and composition of hybrid nanosheets can be tailored conveniently. The defect‐rich Fe–Mn–O ultrathin nanosheet with uniform element distribution enables exposure of more catalytic active sites; moreover, the atomic‐scale synergistic action of Mn and Fe oxide contributes to an enhanced intrinsic catalytic activity. Therefore, the optimized Fe–Mn–O hybrid nanosheets, with lateral sizes of about 100–600 nm and ≈1.4 nm in thickness, enable a low onset potential of 1.46 V, low overpotential of 273 mV for current density of 10 mA cm^?2, a small Tafel slope of 63.9 mV dec^?1, and superior durability, which are superior to that of individual MnO₂ and FeOOH electrode, and even outperforming most reported MnO₂‐based electrocatalysts.     

Three‐Dimensional Branched and Faceted Gold–Ruthenium Nanoparticles: Using Nanostructure to Improve Stability in Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysis

Achieving stability with highly active Ru nanoparticles for electrocatalysis is a major challenge for the oxygen evolution reaction. As improved stability of Ru catalysts has been shown for bulk surfaces with low‐index facets, there is an opportunity to incorporate these stable facets into Ru nanoparticles. Now, a new solution synthesis is presented in which hexagonal close‐packed structured Ru is grown on Au to form nanoparticles with 3D branches. Exposing low‐index facets on these 3D branches creates stable reaction kinetics to achieve high activity and the highest stability observed for Ru nanoparticle oxygen evolution reaction catalysts. These design principles provide a synthetic strategy to achieve stable and active electrocatalysts.     

Can a Ketone Be More Reactive than an Aldehyde? Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Substituted Tetrahydrofurans

O‐heterocycles bearing tetrasubstituted stereogenic centers are prepared via catalytic chemo‐ and enantioselective nucleophilic additions to ketoaldehydes, in which the ketone reacts preferentially over the aldehyde. Five‐ and six‐membered rings with both aromatic and aliphatic substituents, as well as an alkynyl substituent, are obtained. Moreover, 2,2,5‐trisubstituted and 2,2,5,5‐tetrasubstituted tetrahydrofurans are synthesized with excellent stereoselectivities. Additionally, the synthetic utility of the described method is demonstrated with a three‐step synthesis of the side chain of anhydroharringtonine.     

Silver‐Infused Porphyrinic Metal–Organic Framework: Surface‐Adaptive,On‐Demand Nanoplatform for Synergistic Bacteria Killing and Wound Disinfection

The fabrication of functional nanoplatforms for combating multidrug‐resistant bacteria is of vital importance. Among them, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have shown an antibacterial effect; however, the remainder cores of Ag NPs after use might have a toxic effect on humans. Thus, Ag ions based materials have been fabricated to substitute Ag NPs for antibacterial applications. Nevertheless, the always‐on release state leads to the low biocompatibility, which limits their biomedical applications. In addition, the single effect also restricts their antibacterial ability. Herein, a powerful surface‐adaptive, on‐demand antimicrobial nanoplatform is fabricated by coating hyaluronic acid (HA) on Ag ions loaded photosensitive metal‐organic frameworks to exhibit a strong synergistic effect. The nanoplatform shows good biocompatibility with nontargeted cells, as negatively charged HA can prevent the release of Ag ions. While in the presence of targeted bacteria, the secreted hyaluronidase can degrade HA on the nanoplatform and produce positively charged nanoparticles, which display increased affinity to bacteria and show a strong synergistic antibacterial effect owing to the released Ag ions and generated reactive oxygen species under visible light irradiation. Importantly, due to the outstanding on‐demand antimicrobial performance, the nanoplatform also shows great effects on treating multidrug‐resistant bacteria infected wounds in mice models.