Adaptive modeling, adaptive data assimilation and adaptive sampling

For efficient progress, model properties and measurement needs can adapt to oceanic events and interactions as they occur. The combination of models and data via data assimilation can also be adaptive. These adaptive concepts are discussed and exemplified within the context of comprehensive real-time ocean observing and prediction systems. Novel adaptive modeling approaches based on simplified maximum likelihood principles are developed and applied to physical and physical–biogeochemical dynamics. In the regional examples shown, they allow the joint calibration of parameter values and model structures. Adaptable components of the Error Subspace Statistical Estimation (ESSE) system are reviewed and illustrated. Results indicate that error estimates, ensemble sizes, error subspace ranks, covariance tapering parameters and stochastic error models can be calibrated by such quantitative adaptation. New adaptive sampling approaches and schemes are outlined. Illustrations suggest that these adaptive schemes can be used in real time with the potential for most efficient sampling.     

水下目标光学隐蔽深度遥感获取方法

针对用透明度盘深度(SD)估计水下目标的光学隐蔽深度(OCD)的方法缺乏科学性与准确性,提出了利用水色卫星遥感数据获取水下目标光学隐蔽深度的方法。在给出水下目标光学隐蔽深度概念的基础上,分析了水下目标对水中光传输的影响,并根据目标背景对比度传输方程建立了水下目标隐蔽深度与透明度盘深度的转换关系。建立了水下目标光学隐蔽深度的遥感获取模式,并对模式进行了实验验证。结果表明,黑色模型的理论计算和实测数据的相对误差小于30%,而白色模型的理论计算和实测数据的相对误差小于20%。     

石油沥青质在烃中的稳定性研究

石油是以沥青质为分散相的非水胶体体系[1,2 ] 。研究认为 ,石油中沥青质的沉淀和絮凝 ,对石油开采及输送有十分重要的影响 [3]。提高沥青质在石油中的胶体稳定性 ,可强化石油加工过程中的重油减压蒸馏、催化裂化、减粘裂化及延迟焦化等过程[1,2 ] ,是提高炼厂轻质油收率、改善产品质量、提高综合经济效益的重要途径。国外关于沥青质在烃类介质中的稳定性研究报道较多 ,大多侧重于胶质对沥青质的稳定作用。由于胶质和沥青质均为由多种复杂结构分子组成的混和物 ,探讨胶质对沥青质的稳定机理极端困难 ,Chia-Lu Chang[4 ]等定量讨论了沥青质…     

Sea wave spectra by electromagnetic techniques

Summary Sea wave measurements have been carried out in the Sicilian Channel using a navigational radar for the lower-frequency component and a teflon-coated wire (Goubau line) for the high-frequency component. The results are discussed and the continuity of the complete spectrum is clearly proved.

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Riassunto Mediante nuove tecniche elettromagnetiche è stata misurata l'ondosità del mare nel Canale di Sicilia. è stato ottenuto lo spettro completo del mare, dalla banda di gravità a quella capillare, grazie all'impiego congiunto di un radar di navigazione che fornisce la componente a bassa frequenza, e di un nuovo ondametro a microonde a filo che misura in modo assoluto la componente a bassa frequenza. Si discutono i risultati ottenuti e si dimostra la validità dei sistemi impiegati.

     

Observations of coastal upwelling off northwest Africa using meteosat data

Summary One month of Meteosat IR data has been used to study the upwelling phenomenon along the northwest coasts of Africa. The analysis has shown the presence of a cold water strip along the coastline (1500 km long and (100÷200) km wide) characterized by a sea surface temperature of almost 3°C lower than the surroundings. The synoptic view offered by Meteosat evidentiated the simultaneous presence of two zones of the upwelling regime characterized by a different behaviour: the C. Bojador zone where the oscillations of the cross-shore thermal gradient measured by satellite follow quite well the daily variation of the large-scale meteorological forcings and the C. Ghir zone where the phenomenon is not always present and is more related to local forcings and coastal geometry. The general features resulting from our study are in agreement with the results of in situ previous measurements.

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Riassunto Il fenomeno dell'upwelling lungo le coste del nord-ovest dell'Africa è stato studiato utilizzando un mese di dati del statellite Meteosat relativi al canale dell'infrarosso. L'analisi di questi dati ha mostrato la persistenza di una striscia di acqua fredda lungo costa (lunga circa 1500 km e larga (100÷200) km) caratterizzata da una temperatura superficiale di almeno 3 °C piú bassa rispetto alle acque circostanti. La visione sinottica di tutta la zona del nord-ovest dell'Africa fornita dal Meteosat ha permesso di evidenziare due zone di upwelling caratterizzate da un regime differente: la zona di Capo Bojador, dove le variazioni del gradiente termico perpendicolare alla costa misurato da satellite seguono le oscillazioni dei forzanti meteorologici a grande scala, e la zona intorno a Capo Ghir, dove il fenomeno dell'upwelling non è sempre presente e dove i forzanti locali e la geometria della costa sembrano avere un ruolo predominante. Le strutture oceanografiche evidenziate dall'analisi delle immagini da satellite e la loro evoluzione temporale sono risultate consistenti con le precedenti osservazioni basate su tecniche convenzionali.

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Резюме Инфракрасные данные с метеоспутника в течение одного месяса используются для исследования явления ?апвелинга? вдоль северного побережья Африки. Проведенный анализ показывает наличие узкой полосы холодной воды вдоль береговой линии (1500 км в длину и (100÷250) км в ширину), которая характеризуется поверхностной температурой ночти на 3 °C ниже, чем температура окружающих слоёв. Данные с метеоспутника указывают на одновременное присутствие двух различных зон, которые имеют различное поведение в режиме ?апвелинга?. Общие особенности, полученные из проведённых исследований, хорошо согласуются с результатами предыдущих измерений на месте.

     

Conservation principles of the geophysical fluid dynamics for bounded basins

Summary The paper shows how a variety of quasi-geostrophic equations can be developed to obtain, in the oceanographic case, conservation principles consistently referred to bounded basins. Some unsatisfactory examples found in the literature are critically revisited.

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Riassunto Si mostra come una varietà di equazioni quasi-geostrofiche può essere elaborata in modo da ottenere, nel caso oceanografico, principi di conservazione coerentemente riferibili a bacini chiusi. Alcuni esempi tratti dalla letteratura che non soddisfano la precedente richiesta sono riesaminati criticamente.

     

潮流推算在港口雷达海杂波处理中的应用

利用潮流推算的方法求得海水流速,再利用海水流速得到其所对应的多普勒频率,即海杂波所对应的频率,进而运用多普勒杂波处理的方法对海杂波进行处理。但是这种方法不能将相对于海水流速接近为零的目标检测出来,因此它不能独立地在雷达中完成目标检测的任务,但是却可以作为提高发现概率的有益补充。最后给出了系统框图,并对这种方法进行了评估。     

大气运动非线性稳定性研究中的能量-Casimir方法

介绍使用能量－Ｃａｓｉｍｉｒ方法（Ａｒｎｏｌ＇ｄ方法）研究大气与海洋运动非线性稳定性所取得的若干新进展，建立了适用于有限振幅、任意空间结构扰动的非线性稳定性判据．用初始状态给出了扰动场在任意时刻的上界与下界估计，提供了关于扰动变化性态的有关信息．对该领域理论研究与应用的深化与发展问题也作了讨论．     

The carbon versus mass diagram to visualize and exploit FTICR‐MS data of natural organic matter

A two‐dimensional diagram is proposed, in which the carbon number of each formula is plotted against its nominal mass, to visualize large sets of molecular formula data that can be derived from data generated by ultrahigh‐resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance‐MS. In such a carbon versus mass (CvM) diagram, each formula (C_cH_hO_o) is unambiguously described by c, its (nominal) mass and the parameter i = c + o. Calculations of chemically allowable formulas illustrate that organic molecules occupy only certain spaces in such a diagram. The extension of these spaces increases with molecular mass in x‐direction (hydrogenation) and y‐direction (oxygenation). The data sets of molecules determined in natural organic matter(NOM) occupy only a certain range of the allowable space. The intensity of the mass spectrometric signals can be included as the third dimension into a CvM diagram. Separate CvM diagrams can be plotted for NOM molecules that include different heteroatoms. The benefits of the CvM diagram are illustrated by application onto data sets of fulvic acids from riverine and marine origin, of secondary organic aerosol, including organosulfates and organonitrates, as well as of ozonation of fulvic acids. The CvM diagram is a useful tool to visualize the elemental regularities in NOM isolates as well as the differences between isolates. It may also be applicable to large sets of molecular formula data generated in other disciplines such as petroleum biogeochemistry or metabolomics. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

光纤布喇格光栅海水温度深度检测系统研究

海水的温度、深度是其重要的物理参量,为了更安全、准确地监测海水的温度和深度,针对目前海洋温度和深度检测大都采用电信号检测,探头在水中安全性欠佳的不足,利用光纤光栅传感探头为全光学器件、水中安全可靠、易于组成传感器网络进行剖面检测的优点,提出一种基于光纤光栅的海水温度、深度检测系统,阐述了其检测原理,进行了系统及传感探头的设计和研制。结果表明,传感器温度和深度检测的线性度很好,达到0.9999,为海水温度深度检测提供了一种新途径。