The predictive accuracy for estimating infinite dilution activity coefficients by γ∞-based UNIFAC

The predictive accuracy for estimating infinite dilution activity coefficients by a modification of the UNIFAC method wherein the group interaction parameters were based on only data (referred to as -based UNIFAC) has been studied. Estimates and measured values were compared for six prototypical solutes in a series of homologous n-alkanes, l-alcohols and alkanenitrile solvents. Despite the fact that the interaction parameters were derived using only data, this approach still gave serious errors due to several inherent problems in the original UNIFAC model. Its performance is sometimes even poorer than that of the original UNIFAC method. For example for nitromethane in alcohols and p-dioxane in nitriles values predicted by the -based UNIFAC are essentially zero. The large errors for these systems are most likely due to inaccurate interaction parameters in the -based UNIFAC method.     

The ionization of sulfurous acid in Na−Mg−Cl solutions at 25°C

The stoichiometric pK ₁ ^* and pK ₂ ^* for the ionization of sulfurous acid has been determined from emf measurements in NaCl solutions with varying concentrations of added MgCl₂ (m=0.1, 0.2 and 0.3) from I=0.5 to 6.0 molal at 25°C. These experimental results have been treated using both the ion pairing and Pitzer's specific ion-interaction models. The Pitzer parameters for the interaction of Mg²⁺ with SO₂ and HSO ₃ ^– yielded =0.085±0.004, ⁽⁰⁾ = 0.35±0.02, ⁽¹⁾ = 1.2±0.04, and C = –0.072±0.007. The Pitzer parameters ⁽⁰) = –2.8±0.4, ⁽¹⁾ = 12.9±2.9 and ⁽²⁾ = –2071±57 have been determined for the interactions of Mg²⁺ with SO ₃ ^2– . The calculated values of pK ₁ ^* and pK ₂ ^* using Pitzer's equations reproduce the measured values to within ±0.04 pK units. The ion pairing model with log K_MgSO3=2.36±0.02 and log_MgSO3 = 0.1021, reproduces the experimental values of pK ₂ ^* to ±0.01. These results demonstrate that treating the data by considering the formation of MgSO₃ yields a better fit of the experimental measurements with fewer adjustable parameters. With these derived coefficients obtained from the Pitzer equations and the ion pairing model, it is possible to make reliable estimates of the activity coefficients of HSO ₃ ^– and SO ₃ ^2– in seawater, brines and marine aerosols containing Mg²⁺ ions.     

Lithium bromide in acetonitrile: Thermodynamics,theory, and simulation

A variety of methods has been used for the study of lithium bromide solutions in acetonitrile yielding by their combination reliable information on different levels of approximation. Osmotic coefficients based on precise vapor pressure measurements are reproduced by CM (chemical model) and HNC (hypernetted chain) calculations and by BD (brownian dynamics) simulations. The results of neutron scattering experiments are treated with the help of HNC and BD methods. Hartree-Fock calculations on isolated LiBr pairs and solvated lithium ions yield reliable particle distances and reveal the geometry of the lithium solvation sphere.     

Thermodynamic properties of peptide solutions: 7. Partial molar isentropic pressure coefficients of some dipeptides in aqueous solution

The partial molar isentropic pressure coefficients at infinite dilution, K _S,2 ^o , have been determined for a number of dipeptides in aqueous solution at 25°C. For a series of dipeptides of sequence gly-X, where X is an amino acid with a neutral side chain, the K _S,2 ^o values are all more negative than that for diglycine. The results are discussed in terms of the hydration of the side chains. There are significant differences in the K _S,2 ^o values for sequence isomeric dipeptides. These differences can be rationalized in terms of the mutual interactions between the side chain and the ionic end groups in the dipeptides. Possible relationships between K _S,2 ^o and V ₂ ^o , the partial molar volume at infinite dilution, were investigated. For the dipeptides of sequence gly-X there is an interesting linear relationship between K _S,2 ^o /V ₂ ^o and V ₂ ^o .     

A process–structure–property study of anisotropic PMDA-ODA films

A practical methodology for the correlation and prediction of the process–property performance of advanced materials is developed. The model polymer studied is PMDA-ODA polyimide. The connecting link between the process and the properties is the structural state of the polymer. An essential ingredient for a quantitative characterization of the system is a knowledge of its phase state and intrinsic molecular properties. The intrinsic molecular properties define the limiting performance properties available to the polymer. Anisotropic films and sheets produced by five different fabrication processes are examined. Maps of the molecular symmetry axis, the orientation function, and the thickness distributions of two 50-in.-wide sheets fabricated differently are measured nondestructively for process comparison. Four other film fabrication processes are examined and their three-dimensional orientation states determined and correlated. A three-dimensional orientation function triangular plot permits simultaneous representation of the different fabrication processes on the same figure and allows the investigator to choose the most economic and efficient fabrication route. The structure–property study includes the structural correlation and intrinsic molecular property determination of the anisotropic coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), the anisotropic mechanical moduli and compliances, and the anisotropic dielectric constants. 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 777–788, 1997     

Physicochemical investigation of sulfonamide-derived compounds interacting with conventional cationic surfactants in aqueous media

The sulfonamide core in compounds is effective synthons, which offer exciting perspectives in chemotherapeutic and pharmacological research. In this study, we investigated the molecular interaction of potent sulfonamide derivatives (SDs), 2-benzenesulfonamido-3-methylbutyric acid (BSB) and tetraaquabis{3-methyl-2-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]butanoate}copper(II) (Cu-BSB), with cationic surfactants, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and ethylhexadecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide (EHDAB), using UV-visible spectroscopy and steady-state fluorescence measurements. Various mathematical models were applied to quantify the effect of cationic surfactants on physicochemical characteristics of BSB and Cu-BSB. These interactions were confirmed by estimating the partition coefficient (K_x), binding capacities (K_b), Stern-Volmer quenching constant (K_sv), and related Gibbs free energies (ΔG_b). The in-depth mechanism revealed that the binding mode in SD–surfactants combinational system is spontaneous and quenching exists in static mode initiated by ground-state complex formation. We believe that the true knowledge of host–guest interaction mechanisms concerning model membrane with entrapped moiety can help in better understanding of molecular recognition in related phospholipid membrane models.     

A parametric investigation of the friction performance of PC‐ABS parts processed by FDM additive manufacturing process

The friction performance is an important factor of parts processed by fused deposition modeling (FDM) for various engineering applications. It is one type of failure made of surface contact. The proper use of FDM process parameters can bring a significant reduction in friction and the amount of wear, thereby leading to a reduction in the material waste. To date, very little studies have been performed in this area. This paper investigates the effect of FDM manufacturing parameters on the friction performance of polycarbonate‐acrylonitrile butadiene styrene prototypes processed by FDM using definitive screening design and partial least squares method. The observation of surface morphology was obtained by the scanning electron microscopy to examine the effect of process parameters on the microstructure. The experimental results have shown that layer thickness, air gap, raster angle, and build orientation are the most influential factors affecting the friction performance of FDM manufactured parts. The proposed approach presented in this study provides an impetus to develop analytical modeling and functional relationships between FDM manufacturing parameters and friction performance. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Migration of Stabilizers from Polypropylene into Simulated Food

This study has investigated the migration of stabilizers from three polypropylene materials: a polypropylene homopolymer, a polypropylene block copolymer, and a polypropylene random copolymer in 10% ethanol, 3% acetic acid, 20% ethanol, 50% ethanol, and isooctane according to Regulation (EU) No. 10/2011. Measurements were performed at 20, 40, and 70°C and migration was evaluated from 10?min to 10 days. Measurements were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with external calibration. The HPLC method provided high correlation coefficients, good precision, good accuracy, and suitable reproducibility. Diffusion coefficients for stabilizers were obtained using a rigorous model based on Fick’s second law and the values were between 6.1?×?10^?13 and 3.8?×?10^?9?cm²?s^?1. By applying an Arrhenius-type equation to the diffusion coefficients, an estimation of activation energy of the diffusion was obtained. The activation energies were from 39.97 to 98.75?kJ?mol^?1 for the stabilizers. The results indicate that the polypropylene material structure influenced the migration rate, which decreased in the order of the increasing crystallinity in the materials. The diffusion coefficients for stabilizers in the polypropylene random copolymer were higher than in the polypropylene block copolymer and polypropylene homopolymer. The random polypropylene copolymer had the lowest activation energy. These results show that a higher diffusion coefficient indicates a higher migration rate, and a system with a lower activation energy allows more migration.     

Effects of Polydispersity on the Phase Behavior of Additive Hard Spheres in Solution

The ability to separate enzymes, nucleic acids, cells, and viruses is an important asset in life sciences. This can be realised by using their spontaneous asymmetric partitioning over two macromolecular aqueous phases in equilibrium with one another. Such phases can already form while mixing two different types of macromolecules in water. We investigate the effect of polydispersity of the macromolecules on the two-phase formation. We study theoretically the phase behavior of a model polydisperse system: an asymmetric binary mixture of hard spheres, of which the smaller component is monodisperse and the larger component is polydisperse. The interactions are modelled in terms of the second virial coefficient and are assumed to be additive hard sphere interactions. The polydisperse component is subdivided into sub-components and has an average size ten times the size of the monodisperse component. We calculate the theoretical liquid–liquid phase separation boundary (the binodal), the critical point, and the spinodal. We vary the distribution of the polydisperse component in terms of skewness, modality, polydispersity, and number of sub-components. We compare the phase behavior of the polydisperse mixtures with their concomittant monodisperse mixtures. We find that the largest species in the larger (polydisperse) component causes the largest shift in the position of the phase boundary, critical point, and spinodal compared to the binary monodisperse binary mixtures. The polydisperse component also shows fractionation. The smaller species of the polydisperse component favor the phase enriched in the smaller component. This phase also has a higher-volume fraction compared to the monodisperse mixture.