多值测试诊断策略优化设计

针对电子系统中多值测试条件下的测试排序问题,提出了一种诊断策略优化方法。首先,以相关性矩阵模型为基础,将已有的二值测试的优化算法同多值测试问题相结合,提出了适用于多值测试的基于霍夫曼编码的启发式函数;其次,将平均测试代价最小和平均测试步骤最少作为优化目标,采用与或树启发式搜索算法生成诊断树,得到多值测试的诊断策略,并给出了诊断策略优化方法的具体实现步骤;最后,将其应用到航空设备的实例中。结果表明提出的基于霍夫曼编码的与或树启发式搜索算法是可行的,其生成的诊断树是最优的,比基于信息熵的与或树启发式搜索算法具有更小的平均测试代价和更少的平均测试步骤。     

防空导弹自动驾驶仪测试性建模研究与应用

为了得到防空导弹自动驾驶仪的故障检测与诊断策略,减少自动驾驶仪的测试费用,建立了自动驾驶仪的测试性模型并进行分析,解决了建模的难点。通过多层抽象混合推理故障建模方法推导了自动驾驶仪结构与测试点之间的关系,根据测试点的特征和自动驾驶仪工作原理建立信息流模型,在此基础上,利用故障与测试间的相关性矩阵来描述测试性模型。基于此模型设计了诊断策略构建方法。实际应用表明,建立测试性模型的方法完全正确,通过模型能够构建有效的检测与诊断策略,缩短测试时间。     

First passage percolation and escape strategies

Consider first passage percolation on with passage times given by i.i.d. random variables with common distribution F. Let be the time from u to v for a path π and the minimal time among all paths from u to v. We ask whether or not there exist points and a semi‐infinite path such that for all n. Necessary and sufficient conditions on F are given for this to occur. When the support of F is unbounded, we also obtain results on the number of edges with large passage time used by geodesics. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 47, 414–423, 2015     

A novel method for the synthesis of sulfur substituted-cyclopyrophosphate of cADPR analogs

A facile and efficient protocol for the synthesis of sulfur substituted-cyclopyrophosphate of cIDPRE(P_S~1-cIDPRE) was developed.The key step was the cyclization process which was completed by the sulfur substituted cyclization precursor 1b via the one-pot phosphoramidite strategy.     

Anisotropic charge carrier transport of optoelectronic functional selenium-containing organic semiconductor materials

Organic semiconductors (OSCs) materials are currently under intense investigation because of their potential applications such as organic field-effect transistors, organic photovoltaic devices, and organic light-emitting diodes. Inspired by the selenization strategy can promote anisotropic charge carrier migration, and selenium-containing compounds have been proved to be promising materials as OSCs both for hole and electron transfer. Herein, we now explore the anisotropic transport properties of the series of selenium-containing compounds. For the compound containing Se Se bond, the Se Se bond will break when attaching an electron, thus those compounds cannot act as n-type OSCs. About the different isomer compounds with conjugated structure, the charge transfer will be affected by the stacking of the conjugated structures. The analysis of chemical structure and charge transfer property indicates that Se-containing materials are promising high-performance OSCs and might be used as p-type, n-type, or ambipolar OSCs. Furthermore, the symmetry of the selenium-containing OSCs will affect the type of OSCs. In addition, there is no direct relationship between the R groups with their performance, whether it or not as p-type OSCs or n-types. This work demonstrates the relationship between the optoelectronic function and structure of selenium-containing OSCs materials and hence paves the way to design and improve optoelectronic function of OSCs materials.     

Transition-metal-free mono- or dinitration of protected anilines

Abstract

An amide-assisted arene nitration is presented, and both mono- and dinitration of protected anilines could be effected by using NaNO₂ and NaNO₃ as the mono- and bisnitrating agents, respectively. This divergent synthesis is transition-metal- and acid-free, and features a broad substrate scope, low cost, and ortho–para selectivity.     

Co9S8/MoS2异质结构的构筑及电催化析氢性能研究

利用前驱物形貌导向法,成功制备了Co₉S₈/MoS₂异质结构催化剂,该催化剂在碱性析氢反应（HER）中表现出优异的催化活性及稳定性,其在10 mA·cm^-2处的过电势仅为84 mV.通过X射线粉末衍射（XRD）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、电子自旋共振（ESR）、拉曼光谱（Raman）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）和同步辐射（XAFS）等表征,证明了CoS₂/MoS₂在H₂氛围下煅烧形成Co₉S₈/MoS₂的过程中,CoS₂中Co的配位模式从部分八面体向Co₉S₈中的四面体转变,这种转变可活化MoS₂的惰性平面,从而使其更有利于吸附H^*.除此之外,接触角数据表明：该催化剂具有良好的亲水性,有利于电解液渗透及气体分子的迅速扩散,从而促进HER反应速率.由于异质结构间具有强烈的相互作用,该催化剂可表现出良好的结构稳定性.本工作基于Co₉S₈/MoS₂异质结构的成功构筑及对其HER催化机理的充分探讨,为后续硫化物异质结及其在电催化中的应用提供了良好的思路和研究基础.     

初中化学教科书表格呈现方式及其教学功能价值的研究

以现行4个版本的义务教育化学教科书为研究对象,根据教科书中表格功能的不同,将其分为实验记录型表格、归纳总结型表格、习题型表格、资料卡片型表格等4类,对4类不同表格的教学功能价值进行了分析说明。并以沪教版为例,对当前初中化学教师使用教科书表格进行教学的情况进行了抽样调查与分析,由此提出3点教学建议。     

General Strategy for Synthesis of Ordered Pt3M Intermetallics with Ultrasmall Particle Size

Controllable synthesis of atomically ordered intermetallic nanoparticles (NPs) is crucial to obtain superior electrocatalytic performance for fuel cell reactions, but still remains arduous. Herein, we demonstrate a novel and general hydrogel‐freeze drying strategy for the synthesis of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) supported Pt₃M (M=Mn, Cr, Fe, Co, etc.) intermetallic NPs (Pt₃M/rGO‐HF) with ultrasmall particle size (about 3 nm) and dramatic monodispersity. The formation of hydrogel prevents the aggregation of graphene oxide and significantly promotes their excellent dispersion, while a freeze‐drying can retain the hydrogel derived three‐dimensionally (3D) porous structure and immobilize the metal precursors with defined atomic ratio on GO support during solvent sublimation, which is not afforded by traditional oven drying. The subsequent annealing process produces rGO supported ultrasmall ordered Pt₃M intermetallic NPs (≈3 nm) due to confinement effect of 3D porous structure. Such Pt₃M intermetallic NPs exhibit the smallest particle size among the reported ordered Pt‐based intermetallic catalysts. A detailed study of the synthesis of ordered intermetallic Pt₃Mn/rGO catalyst is provided as an example of a generally applicable method. This study provides an economical and scalable route for the controlled synthesis of Pt‐based intermetallic catalysts, which can pave a way for the commercialization of fuel cell technologies.     

Solvent‐Free Self‐Assembly for Scalable Preparation of Highly Crystalline Mesoporous Metal Oxides

Mesoporous metal oxides (MMOs) have been demonstrated great potential in various applications. Up to now, the direct synthesis of MMOs is still limited to the solvent induced inorganic‐organic self‐assembly process. Here, we develop a facile, general, and high throughput solvent‐free self‐assembly strategy to synthesize a series of MMOs including single‐component MMOs and multi‐component MMOs (e.g., doped MMOs, composite MMOs, and polymetallic oxide) with high crystallinity and remarkable porous properties by grinding and heating raw materials. Compared with the traditional solution self‐assembly process, the avoidance of solvents in this method not only greatly increases the yield of target products and synthesis efficiency, but also reduces the environmental pollution and the consumption of cost and energy. We believe the presented approach will pave a new avenue for scalable production of advanced mesoporous materials for various applications.