低温燃料电池的纳米电催化材料:综述(英文)

Low temperature fuel cells are an attractive technology for transportation and residential applica‐tions due to their quick start up and shut down capabilities. This review analyzed the current status of nanocatalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cells and alkaline membrane fuel cells. The preparation process influences the performance of the nanocatalyst. Several synthesis methods are covered for noble and non‐noble metal catalysts on various catalyst supports including carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, nanowires, and graphenes. Ex situ and in situ characterization methods like scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and fuel cell testing of the nanocatalysts on various supports for both proton exchange and alkaline membrane fuel cells are discussed. The accelerated durability estimate of the nanocat‐alysts, predicted by measuring changes in the electrochemically active surface area using a voltage cycling method, is considered one of the most reliable and valuable method for establishing durabil‐ity.     

Effect of Fluorine Substitution on the Charge Carrier Dynamics of Benzothiadiazole‐Based Solar Cell Materials

The femtosecond transient absorption (TA) characterization of a new benzothiadiazole (BT)‐based donor–acceptor conjugated copolymer, poly[(2,6‐dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]thiophene)‐alt‐(4,7‐di(4‐octyldodecylthiopen‐2‐yl)‐2,1,3‐benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (PBT), as well as its fluorinated derivatives, PFBT and PDFBT, is carried out. Additionally, bulk heterojunction (BHJ) films consisting of the copolymers and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C₇₁‐butylic acid methyl ester (PC₇₀BM) are examined using TA spectroscopy. Both the singlet excited state dynamics in the copolymers and the charge transfer state dynamics in the BHJs are investigated in terms of fluorination dependency; the fluorinated copolymers exhibit less singlet exciton recombination rate than the fluorine‐free copolymer, and the BHJs including the fluorinated copolymers display slower monomolecular recombination than the fluorine‐free analogue. Furthermore, the excitation‐intensity‐dependent TA dynamics of the copolymers and BHJs is investigated, revealing that, when sufficiently high excitation intensity is used to induce annihilation processes, the fluorinated copolymers and BHJs incorporating the fluorinated copolymers show more rapid TA decay ascribable to morphological enhancement. These TA spectroscopic findings are found to correlate with the device characteristics with respect to fluorinated content in the polymer solar cells. In particular, both the short‐circuit current density and fill factor of BHJ solar cells correspond closely with the fast decay parameters of the BHJ films under high excitation intensity.

     

Fluorenylvinylenes bridged triphenylamine-based dyes with enhanced performance in dye-sensitized solar cells

We have synthesized a series of new dipolar organic dyes Bn (n=0, 1, 2) employing triarylamine as the electron-donor, 2-cyanoacrylic acid as the electron-acceptor, and fluorenevinylene as the conjugated bridge, which were used as sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells. It is found that the solar-energy-to-electricity conversion efficiencies of the prepared DSSCs are in the range of 2.79-5.56%, which reach 35-70% of a standard device based on N719 fabricated and measured under the same conditions. The DSSC sensitized with B1 with balanced length of conjugated bridge shows the highest photo-to-electrical energy conversion efficiency and the open-circuit photovoltage (V_oc) of 0.86 V.     

Effect of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) additive on phenothiazine dyes sensitized photovoltaic performance

The effects of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) in a dye solution as a co-adsorbent on the photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on two organic dyes containing phenothiazine and triarylamine segments (P1 and P2) were investigated.It was found that the coadsorption of CDCA can hinder the formation of dye aggregates and improve electron injection yield and thus Jsc.This has also led to a rise in photovoltage,which is attributed to the decrease of charge recombination.The DSSC based ...     

First principles investigation on the key factors of broad absorption spectra and electronic properties for oligothiophene and its derivatives for solar cells

On the basis of optimized structures of two kinds thiophene oligomers, we investigated the configuration and conformation dependent optical and electronic properties of α or β substituted oligothiophene (PT) and oligo(thienylenevinylene) (PTV) isomers, respectively, at the TD‐DFT/6‐31+G(d,p)//PBE0/6‐31G(d) level. The corresponding properties of polymers were predicted by extrapolation method. The broad absorption regions for polythiophene and/or poly(thienylenevinylene) can be ascribed to the coexistence of various conformational and/or configurational isomers with similar energies and each corresponding excited state possessing different absorption spectrum and overlapping each other. Furthermore, the reorganization energies for electron (λ_e) and hole (λ_h) of α or β substituted PTV and PT indicate them to be potential ambipolar charge transport materials under the proper operating conditions. Therefore, these results are important because they can provide a rational way for the design of multifunctional materials with broad absorption and ambipolar charge transport properties for solar cells devices. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011     

Intermediate-band solar cells based on dilute alloys and quantum dots

This paper describes our recent developments of intermediate-band solar cells, with a focus on the use of dilute alloys and nanostructured materials such as quantum dots (QDs). The concept of"full-spectrum" solar cells and their working mechanism with various material structures based intermediate-band solar cells, including material growth, structural and chemical analysis, device modeling and testing, are presented. Finally, the progress and challenges of quantum-dot-based solar cells are discussed.     

Flexible solar cells based on PCBM/P3HT heterojunction

[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) / poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) heterojunction has not only the absorption in ultraviolet light for PCBM,but also the absorption in visible light for P3HT, which widens the incident light harvest range, improving the photoelectrical response of hybrid solar cell effectively.Using conducting polymers blend heterojunetion consisting of C60 derivatives PCBM and P3HT as charge carrier transferring medium to replace I3-/I- redox electrolyte and dye, a novel flexible solar cell was fabricated in this study.The influence of PCBM/P3HT mass ratio on the photovoltaic performance of the solar cell was also studied.flexible solar cell achieved a light-to-electric energy conversion efficiency of 1.04%, an open circuit voltage fill factor (FF) of 0.46.     

High proton conductivity of water channels in a highly ordered nanowire

A proton-conductive material based on a crystalline assembly of trimesic acid and melamine (TMA?M, see picture) is reported. Because of the ordered structure of the assembly, the water-saturated proton conductivity for the TMA?M assembly is 5.5?S?cm(-1) , which is the highest proton conductivity measured to date. This exceptionally high conductivity and low-cost fabrication of the material make applications feasible for fuel-cell devices.