常压下玉米秸秆液化工艺的优化及其生物油分析

随着化石能源的日益短缺,可再生木质生物质资源的利用越来越受到重视,常压液化技术是生物质资源高效利用的主要方式之一。利用单因素方法,探讨液化温度、复配液化剂二甘醇（DEG）与1,2-丙二醇（PG）的混合比、液固比、催化剂磷酸的用量、反应时间等因素对玉米秸秆液化得率的影响,以便优化其液化工艺;然后采用热重分析仪（TGA）、气相色谱-质谱技术（GC-MS）和核磁共振（NMR）技术对此优化条件下所得生物油的挥发降解特性和主要组成成分进行了检测探讨。分析表明,玉米秸秆液化时优化工艺参数为：液化温度170 ℃,液化剂DEG与PG混合比1∶2,液固比5∶1,H₃PO₄用量10%,反应时间45 min;此时玉米秸秆液化得率高至99.50%。TGA结果表明,此条件下所得生物油含有80%以上碳数小于25的化合物,热解后最终残炭量约为15%。GC-MS表明,可以检测出此生物油中含有的39种有机物,其中,醇类有机物的含量最多,酚类有机物的含量次之,它们相对含量依次是70.70%和25.63%,其还含有一定量的有机酸（2.80%）、醚类（0.64%）、酯类（0.10%）和酮类（0.13%）等有机物;其组分十分复杂,高含氧量,稳定性较差。1H-和13C-NMR分析表明,不同化学位移δ与生物油中不同类型的质子和碳原子相对应,明确生物油中不同类型H和C的分布,有利于对其分子结构进行深入探讨。这些研究为非木材生物质高效液化条件的选择及液化产物制备化学品和生物燃油给予理论基础与应用支持,促进了生物质资源的有效转化利用及其生物质基产品的开发。     

Dynamical properties of the Haldane chain with bond disorder

By using Lanczos exact diagonalization and quantum Monte Carlo combined with stochastic analytic continuation, we study the dynamical properties of the S = 1 antiferromagnetic Heisenberg chain with different strengths of bond disorder. In the weak disorder region, we find weakly coupled bonds which can induce additional low-energy excitation below the one-magnon mode. As the disorder increases, the average Haldane gap closes at δ_∆ ~ 0.5 with more and more low-energy excitations coming out. After the critical disorder strength δ_c ~ 1, the system reaches a random-singlet phase with prominent sharp peak at ω = 0 and broad continuum at ω > 0 of the dynamic spin structure factor. In addition, we analyze the distribution of random spin domains and numerically find three kinds of domains hosting effective spin-1/2 quanta or spin-1 sites in between. These “spins” can form the weakly coupled longrange singlets due to quantum fluctuation which contribute to the sharp peak at ω = 0.     

High speed integrated RF–VLC data communication system: Performance constraints and capacity considerations

In this research paper, we propose a two-hop integrated radio frequency–visible light communication (RF–VLC) system which may provide a better option to transceive between the hospitals and some laboratory to transfer patient’s information. In the proposed system model, the data (such as patient’s lab test reports) is transmitted towards the amplify and forward (AF) relay mounted on the top of the hospital building via the RF channel. Further, the AF relay amplifies and converts the received information into corresponding optical signal using light emitting diodes (LED) and supporting circuitry. This optical signal is then forwarded towards the destination device (equipped with VLC transceiver), via the VLC channel. To analyse the performance of the system, we first derive the closed form analytical expressions for the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the end-to-end (e2e) signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the system by using the moment generating function (MGF) of the SNR of the individual RF and VLC channels. Further, we use these statistical expressions to obtain the outage probability, average bit error rate (BER) and the average capacity of the system. Moreover, the asymptotic performance of the proposed system is also analysed to study the system’s behaviour at high SNR regimes. Finally, we studied the impact of the variations in channel parameters on the proposed system model performance through numerically simulated plots.     

Fano-like coupling of collective and particle-hole excitations in Li metal

The dynamic structure factor of Li with [110] and 0.88 a.u. <q< 1.03 a.u., as measured with 1 eV resolution by means of synchrotron radiation based inelastic X-ray scattering spectroscopy (IXSS), exhibits, in the energy loss range between 3 and 12 eV, a fine structure, which appears as a resonance around 4 eV and an antiresonance around 8 eV, when the difference between the experimental -spectra with [110] and [111] is considered. In order to find out the origin of this fine structure we have interpreted recent TLDA (time dependent local density approximation) calculations of the Li- [#!ref12!#], which were based on the inversion of the full dielectric matrix, by utilizing a simple two-plasmon-band model. In this way the fine structure can be traced back to a Fano-like coupling of the discrete collective excitations (both the regular plasmon and the so-called zone-boundary collective states (ZBCS's)) and the particle-hole excitation continuum, mediated by the off-diagonal elements of the dielectric matrix, , where (1,1,0). Received: 29 December 1998 / Accepted: 16 March 1998     

Magnetization dynamics below of EuO and EuS

Between 4.2 K and the Curie temperatures of the cubic Heisenberg ferromagnets EuS and EuO, their homogeneous dynamic susceptibilities have been investigated by means of a broad-band reflectometer operating from 0.1 GHz to 40 GHz. For internal magnetic fields larger than the anisotropy fields H A ( T ) of both materials, their static susceptibilities exhibit a -divergence, which reveals quantitatively the dominance of dipolar-anisotropic spin-wave fluctuations. displays a Lorentzian shape the damping frequency of which obeys scaling in terms of .The scaling function agrees quantitatively with work by Frey and Schwabl [#!FS88!#] for dipolar Heisenberg ferromagnets at temperatures above T_c. Building upon their approach, the resonance frequency of the Lorentzian can be related to a memory effect in the damping determined by the large value of the relaxation rate of the longitudinal magnetization fluctuations . For EuS, this relation is substantiated directly by inelastic neutron scattering. All these features reveal the hitherto uncovered importance of the dipolar anisotropic fluctuations below T_c of ferromagnets. Received: 4 March 1998 / Accepted: 12 May 1998     

Ferromagnetic ground state in the Kondo lattice model

We present a series of rigorous examples of the Kondo lattice model that exhibit full ferromagnetism in the ground state. The models are defined in one-, two- and three-dimensional lattices, and are characterized by a range of hopping terms, specific electron filling, and large ferromagnetic coupling. Our examples show that a sufficient strong but finite exchange coupling between conduction electrons and localized spins could overcome the competition from mobility of a finite density of electrons and drive the system from a paramagnetic phase to a ferromagnetic phase. We also establish a relation of ferromagnetism between the Hubbard model and Kondo lattice model. Meanwhile some rigorous results on ferromagnetism in the corresponding Hubbard model are presented. Received: 10 September 1997 / Revised: 15 October 1997 / Accepted: 17 October 1997     

Effect of surface electric field on the anchoring of nematic liquid crystals

We analyse the influence of adsorbed ions and the resulting surface electric field and its gradient on the anchoring properties of nematics with ionic conductivity. We take into account two physical mechanisms for the coupling of the nematic director with the surface electric field: (i) the dielectric anisotropy and (ii) the coupling of the quadrupolar component of the flexoelectric coefficient with the field gradient. It is shown that for sufficiently large fields near saturated coverage of the adsorbed ions, there can be a spontaneous curvature distortion in the cell even when the anchoring energy is infinitely strong. We also discuss the director distortion when the anchoring energy of the surface is finite. Received: 29 September 1997 / Received in final from: 10 November 1997 / Accepted: 18 November 1997     

Mn-site doping induced CMR properties in calcium rich manganites Pr1‒xCaxMnO3(0.6 ≤ x ≤ 0.7)

Doping of Mn-site by chromium, cobalt and nickel has been investigated in the calcium rich manganites and . Whatever the nature of the doping element, a rapid disappearance of the charge ordered (CO) state is observed, decreasing as the doping rate increases. But the most important result concerns the Cr-doped compounds for which a re-entrant insulator to metal transition at 90-120 K is observed for x =0.10-0.12, in a zero magnetic field. The possibility to induce colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) properties for high (IV) contents ((IV)/) for x =0.07-0.12 is shown for the first time, the resistance ratios reaching at 30 K. This study also shows differently that the small size of the A-site cation (Pr, Ca) is not a redhibitory obstacle to the appearance of CMR properties in manganites, in contrast with previously established phase diagrams. Received: 18 June 1997 / Revised: 4 August 1997 / Accepted: 10 November 1997     

高检测灵敏度的DNA生物传感器

基于磁珠带标记DNA电化学传感器、磁珠标记的GMR(TMR)DNA生物传感器和纳米线场效应DNA生物传感器都具有高检测灵敏度的特点,是极具发展前途的研究方向。主要介绍了以上三种高检测灵敏度DNA生物传感器的基本检测原理,并对比分析了这三种传感器的优缺点。