Honeypot game‐theoretical model for defending against APT attacks with limited resources in cyber‐physical systems

A cyber‐physical system (CPS) is a new mechanism controlled or monitored by computer algorithms that intertwine physical and software components. Advanced persistent threats (APTs) represent stealthy, powerful, and well‐funded attacks against CPSs; they integrate physical processes and have recently become an active research area. Existing offensive and defensive processes for APTs in CPSs are usually modeled by incomplete information game theory. However, honeypots, which are effective security vulnerability defense mechanisms, have not been widely adopted or modeled for defense against APT attacks in CPSs. In this study, a honeypot game‐theoretical model considering both low‐ and high‐interaction modes is used to investigate the offensive and defensive interactions, so that defensive strategies against APTs can be optimized. In this model, human analysis and honeypot allocation costs are introduced as limited resources. We prove the existence of Bayesian Nash equilibrium strategies and obtain the optimal defensive strategy under limited resources. Finally, numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed method is effective in obtaining the optimal defensive effect.     

Surface Regulation Towards Stimuli‐Responsive Luminescence of Ultrasmall Thiolated Gold Nanoparticles for Ratiometric Imaging

The surface chemistry of the ultrasmall thiolated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs, < 3.0 nm) plays key roles in both governing the intrinsic emission and establishing interfaces surrounded by various amine‐containing biomolecules in the biomedical applications such as imaging, targeting, and diagnostics. However, a fundamental understanding of the surface ligand's role in the stimuli‐responsive emissions of AuNPs toward the amine molecules is currently lacking. Here, through investigation of the thiolate surface and exotic amine structures, it is discovered that the nucleophilic amines tend to closely bind the electrophilic gold surface, generating a high‐energy stimuli‐responsive emission from the low‐energy intrinsically emitting AuNPs. Both the intrinsic and stimuli‐responsive emissions show a unique amine concentration‐dependent ratiometric pattern for quantitative assessments of important biogenic amines in the biological samples. This discovery opens a new pathway to the design of stimuli‐responsive AuNPs, and would promote more experimental and theoretical research on the application‐driven surface engineering for advanced biological applications.     

Cancer‐Targeting Graphene Quantum Dots: Fluorescence Quantum Yields,Stability, and Cell Selectivity

Folic acid, due to its high affinity toward folate receptors (FR), is recognized as one of the most promising cancer targeting vectors. However, the inherent defects of low water solubility (1.6 µg mL^?1), high sensitivity toward photo‐bleaching, low fluorescent quantum yields (QYs, <0.5%) seriously limit its practical application. Herein, ultrastable, highly luminescent graphene quantum dots (GQDs) that selectively target diverse cancer cells are prepared and tested. The new GQDs present step changes compared to common folic acid through an ≈6250 times increase in water solubility (to ≈10 mg mL^?1), more than 150 times in QYs (up to ≈77%), while maintaining luminescence stability up to 98% when subjected to UV, visible light, and heating over 360 min. It is shown that the suppression of nonradiative transitions by amino groups pyrolyzed from pterin plays a key role in the mechanism of high QYs and excellent stability. The functional groups that are likely responsible for the selective targeting of cancer cells with different levels of folate receptor expression on the surface are identified. Collectively with these promising properties, the new functional graphene quantum dots may open a new avenue for cancer diagnosis, drug delivery, and therapies.     

Precise Molecular Engineering of Photosensitizers with Aggregation‐Induced Emission over 800 nm for Photodynamic Therapy

Owing to efficient singlet oxygen (¹O₂) generation in aggregate state, photosensitizers (PSs) with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) have attracted much research interests in photodynamic therapy (PDT). In addition to high ¹O₂ generation efficiency, strong molar absorption in long‐wavelength range and near‐infrared (NIR) emission are also highly desirable, but difficult to achieve for AIE PSs since the twisted structures in AIE moieties usually lead to absorption and emission in short‐wavelength range. In this contribution, through acceptor engineering, a new AIE PS of TBT is designed to show aggregation‐induced NIR emission centered at 810 nm, broad absorption in the range between 300 and 700 nm with a large molar absorption coefficient and a high ¹O₂ generation efficiency under white light irradiation. Further, donor engineering by attaching two branched flexible chains to TBT yielded TBTC8 , which circumvented the strong intermolecular interactions of TBT in nanoparticles (NPs), yielding TBTC8 NPs with optimized overall performance in ¹O₂ generation, absorption, and emission. Subsequent PDT results in both in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that TBTC8 NPs are promising candidates in practical application.     

Ultrathin Organic Electrochemical Transistor with Nonvolatile and Thin Gel Electrolyte for Long‐Term Electrophysiological Monitoring

Skin‐based electrical‐signal monitoring is one of the basic and noninvasive diagnostic methods for observing vital signals that contain valuable information about the dynamic status of the inner body. Soft bioelectronic devices are developed for the acquisition of high‐quality biosignals by taking advantage of their inherent thin and soft bodies. Among these devices, the organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) is a promising local transducing amplifier because of its key advantages, such as low operating voltage, high transconductance, and biocompatibility. However, the transistor's direct electrolyte‐gated operation limits its ability to measure biosignals only when the electrolyte exists. Here, an ultrathin OECT‐based wearable electrophysiological sensor based on a thin (≈6 µm) and nonvolatile gel electrolyte is reported, which can operate on dry biological surfaces. This sensor can measure biopotentials with a high mechanical stability and high signal‐to‐noise ratio (24 dB) even from dry surfaces of the human body and also shows stable performance during long‐term continuous monitoring and multiple reuse in a test that lasted more than a week.     

Achieving Both High Voltage and High Capacity in Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Battery for Record High Energy Density

In this work, a high‐voltage output and long‐lifespan zinc/vanadium oxide bronze battery using a Co_0.247V₂O₅?0.944H₂O nanobelt is developed. The high crystal architecture could enable fast and reversible Zn²⁺ intercalation/deintercalation at highly operational voltages. The developed battery exhibits a high voltage of 1.7 V and delivers a high capacity of 432 mAh g^?1 at 0.1 A g^?1. The capacity at voltages above 1.0 V reaches 227 mAh g^?1, which is 52.54% of the total capacity and higher than the values of all previously reported Zn/vanadium oxide batteries. Further study reveals that, compared with the pristine vanadium oxide bronze, the absorption energy for Zn²⁺ increases from 1.85 to 2.24 eV by cobalt ion intercalation. Furthermore, it also shows a high rate capability (163 mAh g^?1 even at 10 A g^?1) and extraordinary lifespan over 7500 cycles, with a capacity retention of 90.26%. These performances far exceed those for all reported zinc/vanadium oxide bronze batteries. Subsequently, a nondrying and antifreezing tough flexible battery with a high energy density of 432 Wh kg^?1 at 0.1 A g^?1 is constructed, and it reveals excellent drying and freezing tolerance. This research represents a substantial advancement in vanadium materials for various battery applications, achieving both a high discharge voltage and high capacity.     

长脉冲激光辐照单晶硅的热损伤

为探究毫秒脉冲激光辐照单晶硅的热损伤规律和机理,利用高精度点温仪和光谱反演系统对毫秒脉冲激光辐照单晶硅的温度进行测量。分析温度演化过程,研究毫秒脉冲激光对单晶硅热损伤全过程的温度状态和对应的损伤结构形态。研究表明:脉冲宽度固定时,激光诱导的单晶硅的峰值温度随能量密度的增加而增加;当脉冲宽度在1.5~3.0 ms之间时,温度随脉冲宽度的增加而降减小。温度上升曲线在熔点(1 687 K)附近时出现拐点,反射系数由0.33增加为0.72。在气化和凝固阶段,出现气化和固化平台期。单晶硅热致解理损伤先于热致熔蚀损伤,在低能量密度激光作用条件下,应力损伤占主导地位,而在大能量密度条件下,热损伤效应占主导地位。损伤深度与能量密度成正比,随脉冲个数增加迅速增加。     

A Water Stable,Near‐Zero‐Strain O3‐Layered Titanium‐Based Anode for Long Cycle Sodium‐Ion Battery

Layered transition metal (TM) oxides of the stoichiometry Na_xMO₂ (M = TM) have shown great promise in sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs); however, they are extremely sensitive to moisture. To date, most reported titanium‐based layered anodes exhibit a P2‐type structure. In contrast, O3‐type compounds are rarely investigated and their synthesis is challenging due to their higher percentage of unstable Ti³⁺ than the P2 type. Here, a pure phase and highly crystalline O3‐type Na_0.73Li_0.36Ti_0.73O₂ with high performance is successfully proposed in SIBs. This material delivers a reversible capacity of 108 mAh g^?1 with a stable and safe potential of 0.75 V versus Na/Na⁺. In situ X‐ray diffraction reveals that this material does not undergo any phase transitions and exhibits a near‐zero volume change upon Na⁺ insertion/de‐insertion, which ensures exceptional long cycle life over 6000 cycles. Importantly, it is found that this O3‐Na_0.73Li_0.36Ti_0.73O₂ shows superior moisture stability, even when immersed into water, which are both elusive for conventional layered TM oxides in SIBs. It is believed that the small interlayer distance and high occupation of interlayer vacancy promise such unprecedented water stability.     

Self‐Hydrophobization in a Dynamic Hydrogel for Creating Nonspecific Repeatable Underwater Adhesion

Adhesive hydrogels are widely applied for biological and medical purposes; however, they are generally unable to adhere to tissues under wet/underwater conditions. Herein, described is a class of novel dynamic hydrogels that shows repeatable and long‐term stable underwater adhesion to various substrates including wet biological tissues. The hydrogels have Fe³⁺‐induced hydrophobic surfaces, which are dynamic and can undergo a self‐hydrophobization process to achieve strong underwater adhesion to a diverse range of dried/wet substrates without the need for additional processes or reagents. It is also demonstrated that the hydrogels can directly adhere to biological tissues in the presence of under sweat, blood, or body fluid exposure, and that the adhesion is compatible with in vivo dynamic movements. This study provides a novel strategy for fabricating underwater adhesive hydrogels for many applications, such as soft robots, wearable devices, tissue adhesives, and wound dressings.