Feasibility and modelling for convergence of optical-wireless network – A review

Now a days, the convergence of wireless and optical network gaining popularity to enhance the data carrying capacity, QoS and to support future multimedia applications. The queue theory plays an important role for analytically evaluating such converged networks. In the everyday state of affairs, queue phenomena are observed in the several situations like the health clinic, railway reservation system, automobile laundry centre, bank cash counter, call centre, etc. Similarly, the phenomenon of congestion is ascertained in the telephone network, computer network, communication systems and the Internet wherever nonstop enhancements need to be created to stay up with the quickly growing demand. The subsistence of these adverse clogging effects has lead toward the improvement of queuing theory-based statistical models. Therefore, these queues based statistical models answering to optimising queries corresponding to the way for assigning resources in converged optical and wireless networks. During this paper, a review on the role of the queuing model in wireless & optical communication is presented that concentrate on the present and future aspects of research.     

Disseminating a warning message to evacuate: A simulation study of the behaviour of neighbours

Large-scale evacuations are a recurring theme on news channels, whether in response to major natural or manmade disasters. The role of warning dissemination is a key part in the success of such large-scale evacuations and its inadequacy in certain cases has been a ‘primary contribution to deaths and injuries’ (Hayden et al., 2007). Along with technology-driven ‘official warning channels’ (e.g. sirens, mass media), the role of unofficial channel (e.g. neighbours, personal contacts, volunteer wardens) has proven to be significant in warning the public of the need to evacuate. Although post-evacuation studies identify the behaviours of evacuees as disseminators of the warning message, there has not been a detailed study that quantifies the effects of such behaviour on the warning message dissemination. This paper develops an Agent-Based Simulation (ABS) model of multiple agents (evacuee households) in a hypothetical community to investigate the impact of behaviour as an unofficial channel on the overall warning dissemination. Parameters studied include the percentage of people who warn their neighbours, the efficiency of different official warning channels, and delay time to warn neighbours. Even with a low proportion of people willing to warn their neighbour, the results showed considerable impact on the overall warning dissemination.     

Alternative routes to equivalent classical models of a quantum system

<正>Coarse-graining of some sort is a fundamental and unavoidable step in any attempt to derive the classical mechanical behavior from the quantum formalism.We utilize the two-mode Bose-Hubbard model to illustrate how different coarse-grained systems can be naturally associated with a fixed quantum system if it is compatible with different dynamical algebras.Alternative coarse-grained systems generate different evolutions of the same physical quantities,and the difference becomes negligible only in the appropriate macro-limit.     

A model to estimate the path loss in areas with foliage of trees

This paper presents an empirical model to predict attenuation in forest environments considering parameters related to vegetation. Typically, environmental parameters are only included in theoretical models, but they are more difficult to apply. The developed model uses tree density, average tree canopy diameter and foliage density as input parameters. The foliage density is very difficult to determine since it depends on the characteristics of trees. A simple metric of this parameter was obtained by measuring the background light silhouetted by the canopy. The model was developed with measurements obtained in different forest environments for two frequencies within the UHF band (Ultra High Frequency). A procedure was also applied to extend the operating frequency range of the model.     

Application of HPLC-Thermospray Flame AAS: Interaction Between Heavy Metals and Duckweed Chlorophyll

Thermospray nebulizer interfaced HPLC-Flame AAS was used to study the effect of heavy metals (Al, Cd, Cu, Hg and Zn) on the chlorophylls of duckweed. Flame AAS was used as a metal specific detector of HPLC. Study indicated that heavy metals promote the degradation of chlorophylls. No evidence of direct replacement of central magnesium with heavy metals was found.     

地球化学模拟在高放废物地质处置中的应用与发展

随着核能事业的发展,高放废物的处理和处置问题日益突出.其中,研究高放废物在环境介质中的吸附、扩散和迁移行为是获取放射性核素对周围环境和人群健康影响的基础参数的最重要和最直接的途径.近年来,人们利用已有的实验数据及核素的基础热力学和动力学数据,附以相应的数学模型,建立了一些地球化学模拟软件,用于分析核素在地质介质中可能发生的连续性和长期性变化.目前,国内外常用的地球化学模拟软件有十多种.本文从热力学平衡计算原理、种态分布计算方法和表面配位模型假设等几个方面对地球化学模拟软件进行了简要介绍,对近年来地球化学模拟软件在核素种态分布计算和表面配位模型模拟两方面的应用进行了举例分析,并以Ca-U-CO3配合物为例,说明完备的热力学数据对地球化学模拟软件发展的重要性,以期促进我国地球化学模型的应用和发展.     

Kinematics of layered reinforced-concrete planar beam finite elements with embedded transversal cracking

In this work crack formation and development is addressed and implemented in a planar layered reinforced-concrete beam element. The crack initiation and growth is described using the strength criterion in conjunction with exact kinematics of the interlayer connection. In this way a novel embedded-discontinuity beam finite element is derived in which the tensile stresses in concrete at the crack position reaching the tensile strength will trigger a crack to open. Since the element is multi-layered, in this way the crack is allowed to propagate through the depth of the beam. The cracked layer(s) will involve discontinuity in the cross-sectional rotation equal to the crack-profile angle, as well as a discontinuity in the position vector of the layer’s reference line. A bond–slip relationship is superimposed onto this model in a kinematically consistent manner with reinforcement being treated as an additional layer of zero thickness with its own material parameters and a constitutive law implemented in the multi-layered beam element.     

Application of the transmission line matrix method for outdoor sound propagation modelling – Part 1: Model presentation and evaluation

The present paper deals with an original time-domain approach applied to outdoor sound propagation under meteorological effects. The transmission line matrix method, based on the Huygens’ principle, had already been validated over impedant grounds and complex topography. The presented formulation proposes to take into account meteorological effects (wind speed and temperature) through the relative sound speed. The necessary wavefront direction is determined through the calculation of the averaged intensity vector direction. A good agreement is found between simulations of both the transmission line matrix and parabolic equation methods. A relevant use of the method is shown in the framework of environmental acoustics and initial applications are proposed in Part 2.     

Asymmetric CPW-fed SRR patch antenna for WLAN/WiMAX applications

In this paper, a compact asymmetric coplanar waveguide (CPW) feed with split-ring resonator (SRR) is proposed to resonate at dual-band operations for wireless local area network (WLAN) and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) applications. The asymmetric CPW-fed SRR patch (ACSP) antenna consists of a meander line, square-shaped split ring, and CPW ground plane. The proposed ACSP antenna resonates at two operating frequencies, namely, 2.48 GHz (2.4–2.74 GHz) and 3.49 GHz (3.25–3.64 GHz) with reflection coefficients (S₁₁) of −16.65 dB and −32.67 dB, respectively. The measured results agree closely with the simulation results of the proposed antenna.     

New application of human eye model in the verification of spot diagram with refractive diopter

In response to the rapid advancement of auto-refractor technology, most optometry shops provide refraction services. Despite their speed and convenience, the measurement values provided by auto-refractors include a significant degree of error due to psychological and physical factors. Therefore, there is a need for repetitive testing to obtain a smaller mean error value. However, even repetitive testing itself might not be sufficient to ensure accurate measurements. Therefore, research on a method of measurement that can complement auto-refractor measurements and provide confirmation of refraction results needs to be conducted. The customized optometry model described herein can satisfy the above requirements. From the existing optical technologies, using human eye measurement devices to obtain individual relevant optical feature parameters is no longer difficult. These parameters allow us to construct an optometry model for individual eyeballs. They also allow us to compute spot diagrams produced from the optometry model using the CODE V macro programming language before recognizing the geometrical spot diagram with the back-propagation neural network algorithm to obtain the accurate refractive diopter. Results show that the accuracy achieved was above 98% and that this application could significantly enhance the service quality of refraction.