Comparison of hot Soxhlet and accelerated solvent extractions with microwave and supercritical fluid extractions for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrated derivatives strongly adsorbed on soot collected inside a diesel particulate filter

Several methods of extraction were optimized to extract polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), their nitrated derivatives and heavy n-alkanes from a highly adsorptive particulate matter resulting from the combustion of diesel fuel in a diesel engine. This particular carbonaceous particulate matter, collected at high temperatures in cordierite diesel particulate filters (DPF), which are optimized for removing diesel particles from diesel engine exhaust emissions, appeared extremely refractory to extractions using the classical extracting conditions for these pollutants. In particular, the method of accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) is described in detail here. Optimization was performed through experimental design to understand the impact of each factor studied and the factors’ possible interactions on the recovery yields. The conventional extraction technique, i.e., Soxhlet extraction, was also carried out, but the lack of quantitative extractions led us to use a more effective approach: hot Soxhlet. It appeared that the extraction of the heaviest PAHs and nitroPAHs by either the optimized ASE or hot Soxhlet processes was far from complete. To enhance recovery yields, we tested original solvent mixtures of aromatic and heteroaromatic solvents. Thereafter, these two extraction techniques were compared to microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). In every case, the only solvent mixture that permitted quantitative extraction of the heaviest PAHs from the diesel soot was composed of pyridine and diethylamine, which has a strong electron-donor character. Conversely, the extraction of the nitrated PAHs was significantly improved by the use of an electron-acceptor solvent or by introducing a small amount of acetic acid into the pyridine. It was demonstrated that, for many desirable features, no single extraction technique stound out as the best: ASE, MAE or SFE could all challenge hot Soxhlet for favourable extractions. Consequently, the four optimized extraction techniques were performed to extract the naturally polluted diesel soot collected inside the DPF. Comparisons with the NIST standard reference material SRM 1650b showed that the soot collected from the DPF contained 50% fewer n-alkanes, and also markedly lower levels of PAHs (44 less concentrated) than SRM 1650b, and that the ratio of nitroPAHs to PAHs was increased. These results were attributed to the high temperatures reached inside the particulate filter during sampling runs and to the contribution of the catalytic DPF to aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons abatement.     

K2Fe2B2O7: A transparent nonlinear optical crystal with frustrated magnetism

A new noncentrosymmetric ferroborate crystal, K₂Fe₂B₂O₇, has been grown from high temperature melt. Structure solution from single crystal X-ray diffraction shows that the title compound crystallizes in a trigonal space group P321 with cell dimensions of a=8.7475(12) Å and c=8.5124(17) Å. In the structure, FeO₄ tetrahedron shares its three basal oxygen atoms with BO₃ triangles forming a two-dimensional layer in the ab plane and the layers are connected by the apical Fe-O bonds along the c direction. The crystal is transparent in the visible and near infrared region from 500 to 2000 nm with three pronounced absorption bands ascribed to d-d transitions of tetrahedrally coordinated Fe³⁺ ions. Though, structurally analog to K₂Al₂B₂O₇, the further twisting of the BO₃ groups between adjacent layers reduces its optical nonlinearity to a second-harmonic generation intensity of about 0.4 times that of KDP. Spin-glass behavior is observed at 20 K which is probably due to geometrically magnetic frustration of the triangular Fe net in the ab plane.     

一种新型超宽带带通滤波器的设计

介绍一种新型的超宽带带通滤波器,研究了微带阶梯阻抗谐振器的阻抗特性,利用该并联结构实现了超宽带带通滤波器的带外传输零点。设计了一款性能较好的宽带带通滤波器,实际测试结果与仿真结果十分吻合,证明了设计方法的正确性。     

基于分数时延滤波器的宽带数字信号时延的实现

阐述了基于分数时延滤波器的时延方法设计原理,对其中4种代表性的设计方法的时延性能进行了评估,给出宽带数字线性调频信号的时延仿真结果,该方法可用于宽带雷达数字信号处理。     

一种基于基波磁通补偿的改进型有源滤波器

提出了一种基于基波磁通补偿的改进型串联混合型有源滤波器,此滤波器具有滤波和单位功率因数校正两种功能。详细分析了其工作原理并进行了仿真实验,仿真结果表明此滤波器具有较好的滤波效果,能进行单位功率因数校正,并且在负载突变时有很快的响应速度,大约在两个基波周期之内就达到稳态。     

有色噪声下基于神经-模糊网络的滤波器

提出了一种基于神经-模糊网络的自适应滤波器,它具有非线性映射和自学习能力,能够用于噪声信号的非线性建模。它不仅能够获取信号的最佳估计,并且能够克服信号处理中存在的模型和有色噪声的不确定性、不完备性。通过对仿真结果分析表明,提出的算法具有可靠、计算简便、快速等特点,模型滤波精度较高,并可实现实时滤波,具有一定的理论价值和实用价值。     

改进的Wu-Manbe算法在网闸中的实现

通过字符串匹配算法来实现文本过滤,在深入分析了现有串匹配算法的基础上,根据网闸数据从外网过渡到内网的特点,对传统的字符串匹配算法Wu-Manber进行详细分析,设计并实现了一种适合中文字符集和网闸的模式匹配算法RWM,并对改进的算法进行了实验分析。实验表明,所设计的算法在运行时间和尝试次数方面优于其他算法,满足网闸对不良信息进行查询和过滤的要求,能够解决网闸的文本过滤问题。     

A new IMM algorithm using fixed coefficients filters (fastIMM)

In this paper we present an new approach based on two filters αβ$\alpha \beta$ and αβγ$\alpha \beta \gamma$ using Interacting Multiples Models (IMM) design instead of a Kalman filter second and third order for the tracking a single maneuver target. The comparison between the proposed filter and the IMM improves the computing time amount about 60% while having a high accuracy.     

Sharp-rejection microstrip bandpass filters with multiple transmission zeros

A simple design of a sharp-rejection microstrip bandpass (BPF) filter is presented. By creating multiple transmission zeros in the lower and upper stopbands, sharp rejection characteristics are obtained. The basic filter unit consists of a single parallel coupled-line section and an open-ended stub. A lossless transmission line model approach is used to derive the design equations for frequency responses and transmission zero positions. The bandwidths are controllable by the zero locations that in turn are controlled by varying the impedances of the configuration. To validate theoretical predictions, two prototype BPFs operating at lower band 2.4 GHz of WLAN are fabricated in microstrip form.     

Electronically tunable high-input impedance voltage-mode universal biquadratic filter based on simple CMOS OTAs

This paper describes a new electronically tunable three inputs and single output voltage-mode universal biquadratic filter based on simple CMOS operational transconductance amplifiers (OTAs) and grounded capacitors. The proposed configuration provides lowpass, highpass, bandpass, bandstop and allpass voltage responses at a high impedance input terminal, which enable easy cascadability. Additionally, the circuit parameters ω_o${\omega }_o$ and Q   can be set orthogonally by adjusting the transconductances and grounded capacitors. The filter also offers an independent electronic control of parameters ω_o${\omega }_o$ by adjusting the transconductance through the bias current/voltage of the OTA. For realizing all the filter responses, no critical component matching condition is required, and all the incremental parameter sensitivities are low. PSPICE simulation results are performed to confirm the theoretical analysis.