Undecidable Classical Properties of Observers

A property of a system is called actual, if the observation of the outcome of the test that pertains to that property yields an affirmation with certainty. We formalize the act of observation by assuming the outcome itself is an actual property of the state of the observer after the act of observation and correlates with the state of the system. For an actual property this correlation needs to be perfect. A property is called classical if either the property or its negation is actual. We show by a diagonal argument that there exist classical properties of an observer that he cannot observe perfectly. Because states are identified with the collection of properties that are actual for that state, it follows no observer can perfectly observe his own state. Implications for the quantum measurement problem are briefly discussed. PACS: 02.10-v, 03.65.Ta     

激光治疗过敏性鼻炎及其免疫功能的变化

目的:观察He-Ne激光鼻腔照射配合药物治疗过敏性鼻炎的效果。并进行免疫数据分析取得可信证据。方法:对用He-Ne激光鼻腔照射配合口服抗组胺药物加局部使用雷诺考特喷鼻剂67例(观察组)和药物对照组30例(对照组)的过敏性鼻炎患者进行治疗和疗效对比。此外单纯用激光照射对过敏性鼻炎观察治疗35例,并进行体液免疫动态追踪。结果:两组治疗前后总有效率相比,P<0.05,有显著差异。说明观察组疗效优于对照组。并在停药后第1、2、3、4周两组总有效率差异有显著性意义,停药后观察组总有效率明显较对照组高,且随停药时间延长,其总有效率间差距逐渐增大。从体液免疫动态观察看患者血清中IgE含量比正常人高(约4倍)[1]。结论:He-Ne激光鼻腔照射配合药物治疗成人过敏性鼻炎是安全有效、标本兼治、副作用少,并有着免疫增强和免疫抑制双向良性调节作用的一种有效疗法,值得临床推广。     

Atomic force microscopy study of surface morphology change in spinel LiMn2O4: Possibility of direct observation of Jahn-Teller instability

Surface morphology in 3.5 × 3.5 μm² area of spinel LiMn₂O₄, which is a typical cathode material for Li ion secondary batteries, is studied using an atomic force microscopy (AFM) with a conductive probe. Negative bias voltage is applied to the probe to attract Li⁺ ions toward LiMn₂O₄ surface during the AFM observation. Before applying the voltage (0 V), the whole LiMn₂O₄ surface is covered with scale-shaped grains. Under the negative voltage of 5.5 V, electric current abruptly increases, indicating Li⁺ ionic conduction. Simultaneously, part of the scale-shaped grains expand and flatten. Jahn-Teller phase transition, which is induced by the repulsive interaction between the Mn-e_g and O-2p electrons in Li accumulated layer, is proposed as a possible origin of these results.     

压电传感实时监测氯霉素分子印迹聚合物的原位合成

氯霉素是一种广谱抗菌药物,但食物中的氯霉素残留物质对人类的健康构成了巨大威胁。该问题已引起国际组织和世界上许多国家和地区的高度重视。通过压电传感器检测残余的氯霉素,具有无需适用放射性材料和预处理时间短的优势。因此,合成人工模拟单克抗体——氯霉素分子印记聚合物非常有意义。实验在10μL的压电传感器的金电极上,原位合成氯霉素印迹聚合物。实验结果表明,聚合反应过程是二级反应。     

Continuous flame oxidation in supercritical water

Abstract

Continuous flames have been observed in Supercritical water oxidation (scWO) of isopropyl alcohol (IPA), using a vertical continuous reactor with sapphire windows and a mixing nozzle. Two types of continuous flame were confirmed: the one was long pale blue colored and the other was red short cone shaped, changing blue to red at around air ratio 2.0. The flame was strongly influenced by IPA concentration, air ratio and design of the mixing nozzle. Results for decomposition of PA are presented for IPA concentrations ranging from 600 up to 28260 ppm as TOC and initial reactor temperatures, were mostly around 490°C, at 25 MPa. Decomposition rate at steady state was over 99.9%. Experimentally measured CO₂ and O₂ concentrations at the flue gas were in good agreement with theoretically calculated values. Even for low air ratio as 1.1, high decomposition rate without CO, NO, NO₂ was achieved.     

Defining the size and location of the slit in rainbow holography

A simple method is described for defining the size and location of the slit in a rainbow holography optical system in order to guarantee the optimal observation conditions of the reconstructed image. A brief explanation of the basic principles of rainbow holography is given and the projection of viewing slits and pseudoscopic, or orthoscopic, images is considered. An application of the method for afocal systems used in rainbow holography is presented.     

X射线能谱分析和金相分析确定仿银合金的成分、组织及工艺

两种仿银合金经x射线能谱分析其组分均为银锡合金,经半定量计算,两种合金的银,锡相对比均为28.6:71.4。用金相显微镜观察,合金(1)的组织为先凝固的固溶体∑相和(∑ Sn)共晶体的铸态组织。合金(2)的金相组织为加工态组织。     

X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy of galvannealed coatings on steel

The formation of Fe–Zn intermetallic compounds, as relevant in the commercial product galvannealed steel sheet, was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and different methods of X-ray diffraction. A scanning electron microscope with high resolution was applied to investigate the layers of the galvannealed coating and its topography. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GID) was preferred over conventional Bragg–Brentano geometry for analysing thin crystalline layers because of its lower incidence angle α and its lower depth of information. Furthermore, in situ experiments at an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) with an internal heating plate and at an X-ray diffractometer equipped with a high-temperature chamber were carried out. Thus, it was possible to investigate the phase evolution during heat treatment by X-ray diffraction and to display the growth of the ζ crystals in the ESEM.     

MOVPE growth of (Al, Ga)InP-based laser structures monitored by real-time reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy

Using a specially-designed spectrometer enabling combined reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS) and reflectance measurements on rotating substrates in a commercial MOVPE reactor, we report the first full-spectroscopic RAS-monitoring of (Al,Ga)InP-based 650 nm laser growth. First, a spectral database was built up from systematic studies of AlGaInP RAS signatures for different Al compositions, doping levels and growth temperatures. These data are subsequently used for the interpretation of characteristic RAS fingerprints taken throughout the entire laser growth process. From the analysis of characteristic changes in the RAS spectra even small deviations from the optimum process (doping levels, composition, etc.) which would effect the performance of the final device can be detected.     

In-situ TEM observation of the evolution of helium bubbles in Mo during He+ irradiation and post-irradiation annealing

The evolution of helium bubbles in purity Mo was investigated by in-situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) during 30 keV He⁺ irradiation (at 673 K and 1173 K) and post-irradiation annealing (after 30 keV He⁺ irradiation with the fluence of 5.74×10¹⁶ He⁺/cm² at 673 K). Both He⁺ irradiation and subsequently annealing induced the initiation, aggregation, and growth of helium bubbles. Temperature had a significant effect on the initiation and evolution of helium bubbles. The higher the irradiation temperature was, the larger the bubble size at the same irradiation fluence would be. At 1173 K irradiation, helium bubbles nucleated and grew preferentially at grain boundaries and showed super large size, which would induce the formation of microcracks. At the same time, the geometry of helium bubbles changed from sphericity to polyhedron. The polyhedral bubbles preferred to grow in the shape bounded by {100} planes. After statistical analysis of the characteristic parameters of helium bubbles, the functions between the average size, number density of helium bubbles, swelling rate and irradiation damage were obtained. Meanwhile, an empirical formula for calculating the size of helium bubbles during the annealing was also provided.